Summarize major legislation and court decisions from 1800 to 1861 that led to increasing sectionalism, including the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Acts, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott decision. COS Standard 13

Describing Alabama’s role in the developing sectionalism of the United States from 1819 to 1861, including participation in slavery, secession, and the Indian War, and reliance on cotton Analyzing the Westward Expansion from 1803 to 1861 to determine its effect on sectionalism, including the Louisiana Purchase, Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cession Describing tariff debates and the nullification crisis between 1800 and 1861 Analyzing the formation of the Republican Party for its impact on the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson wanted to buy Louisiana. Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana to America. He was taking over Europe and it was taking too long. He needed money. Napoleon sold Louisiana for $15 million. Is this legal? Did Jefferson have the authority to sign a treaty with another country that gives America land? NO It didn’t matter. America wanted LAND! Significance: doubles the size of the US

Louisiana Purchase

Exploring Louisiana Thomas Jefferson funded an expedition of the newly acquired land. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark explored from St. Louis to the Pacific Coast. Sacagawea was their guide. Significance: The trip expanded the knowledge of the territory, as well as laid claim to the Oregon territory.

Lewis, Clark and Sacagawea

Oregon Britain and America both vie for Oregon. James K. Polk runs for president. In public his campaign slogan is “Fifty-four Forty or Fight.” In private, Polk makes a deal with Britain to draw the boundary line at the 49 north latitude line.

Oregon

Texas Independence Mexico opened Texas to Americans to settle. At first, Americans agreed to be Mexican citizens, but not adopt Mexican customs. Haden Edwards attempted to take over Texas and rename it Fredonia. It was stopped. In 1830, Mexico closed its borders to American immigrants, banned slavery and discouraged trade with the US. People in Texas were angered by the change in Mexico. America attempts to talk Mexico to get them to reopen their borders.

Texas Independence continued A convention was set up to separate Texas from Mexico. They wrote a constitution and sent Stephen Austin to negotiate with the Mexican government. Negotiations failed. Austin suggested Texas should organize their own state government. There is a fight for Texas independence. Texas wins and becomes the Republic of Texas. They applied for annexation to be a slave state (controversial).

Texas

Mexican War and Cession When Mexico refused to discuss the purchase of California, President Polk sent troops to cross the Nueces River. Mexico sees this as an invasion of their country. Mexico attacks. The Mexican War started. When Winfield Scott captured Mexico City on September 14, 1847, the war is over. On February 2, 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed ending the Mexican War. Mexico gave up land in California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Wyoming. Also, the new border of Texas became the Rio Grande. America agrees to pay Mexico $15 million and assume $3.5 million in Mexican debts. Significance: opens land to American settlers.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexican Cession

California Starts in 1848, by 1849 the rush is on “Forty-Niners” Need a government to maintain order, California applies for statehood. Has enough people to skip the territory stage and immediately applies for statehood. Free state Confronts slavery issue

Nullification Example: South Carolina: economy is weak (agricultural), get most of its goods from England (high tariffs) because they don’t have many industries. Congress passes another tariff in 1828 (Tariff of Abominations). South Carolina is mad and threatens to secede. They blame the north. John C. Calhoun tries to fix the problem with nullification. From South Carolina and the Vice President Nullification: declaring a law not valid Webster and Hayne debate. Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) defends the union. Robert Hayne (South Carolina) defends the state. Jackson takes a stand and defends the union. In 1832, another tariff was passed which cuts the tariffs, South Carolina still not happy.

Nullification South Carolina votes to nullify the tariffs because they say the tariffs are unconstitutional. Jackson sees this as treason and sends a warship to South Carolina. Jackson passes the Force Bill. President can authorize the use of military to enforce acts of Congress. Henry Clay passes a bill through Congress which will gradually lower taxes until South Carolina repeals its nullification.