Week 2.1 CBEB /2011 Week 2 Critically reviewing the literature - Chapter 3

Week 2.2 CBEB /2011

Week 2.3 CBEB /2011 Reasons for reviewing the literature To conduct a ‘preliminary’ search of existing material To organise valuable ideas and findings To identify other research that may be in progress To generate research ideas To develop a critical perspective

Week 2.4 CBEB /2011 The research process (1) Stages of the research process Formulating and clarifying a topic Reviewing the literature Designing the research Collecting data Analysing data Writing up Based on Figure 1.2: Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.5 CBEB /2011 The literature review process Source: Saunders et al. (2003) Figure 3.1 The literature review process

Week 2.6 CBEB /2011 The Critical Review (1) Approaches used Deductive - Develops a conceptual framework from the literature which is then tested using the data Inductive - Explores the data to develop theories which are then tested against the literature

Week 2.7 CBEB /2011 The Critical Review (2) Key purposes To further refine research questions and objectives To discover recommendations for further research To avoid repeating work already undertaken To provide insights into strategies and techniques appropriate to your research objectives Based on Gall et al. (2006)

Week 2.8 CBEB /2011 Adopting a critical perspective (1) Skills for effective reading Previewing – looking for text Annotating – conducting a dialogue with yourself, author, ideas & issues Summarising – state your points in your own words Comparing and contrasting – how your thinking have changed, affect your responses to issues & themes Harvard College Library (2006)

Week 2.9 CBEB /2011 Adopting a critical perspective (2) The most important skills are The capacity to evaluate what you read The capacity to relate what you read to other information Wallace and Wray (2006)

Week 2.10 CBEB /2011 Adopting a critical perspective (3) Questions to ask yourself Why am I reading this? What is the author trying to do in writing this? How convincing is is this? What use can I make of this reading? Adapted from Wallace and Wray (2006)

Week 2.11 CBEB /2011 Content of the critical review You will need to Include key academic theories Demonstrate current knowledge of the area Use clear referencing for the reader to find the original cited publications Acknowledge the research of others

Week 2.12 CBEB /2011 Is your literature review critical? Checklists Box 3.2 and Box 3.3 Complete the checklists to evaluate your literature review Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.13 CBEB /2011 Checklist 3.2 (coverage) Clearly relates to research questions & objectives? Most relevant & significant theories covered? Most relevant & significant literature? Up-to-date literature? Literature reference style?

Week 2.14 CBEB /2011 Example of literature review reference writing styles… Globalization is an ongoing process that is bearing witness to unprecedented change. As Friedman (2007) explained, many forces are coming together to cause a flattening or leveling effect of the world’s workforce. This has allowed many skilled workers from emerging nations to enter the workplace and compete for jobs that were traditionally held by only a few wealthy industrial nations. Global communication, international workflow, and connected knowledge sharing and learning are converging to realign power, wealth, and work (Folkestad & Banning, 2008).

Week 2.15 CBEB /2011 Bibliography… Florida, R. L. (2003). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books. Florida, R. L. (2005). The world is spiky. The Atlantic Monthly, 296(3), Folkestad, J. E., & Banning, J. (2008). Ecology of the computer lab. Journal of Educational Technology, 5, Friedman, T. L. (2007). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty- first century. New York, NY: Picador. Griffith, R., Huergo, E., & Peters, B. (2005). Innovation and productivity across four European countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 22, Hamel, G. (2006). The why, what, and how of management innovation. Harvard Business Review, 84,

Week 2.16 CBEB /2011 Example of literature review reference writing styles… Innovation positively contribute to the survival of the firm in dynamic business environments [22]. Generally, firms with higher innovation rates sustain higher profitability over the long-term [59]. However, as Downs and Mohr [24] pointed out, there are two aspects of organizational innovation studies. The first dealt with phenomena related to the adoption and diffusion of new innovations; in the IT area, examples include Moore and Benbasat [50], Fichman [27], and Swanson and Ramiller [63].

Week 2.17 CBEB /2011 Bibliography… [22] E. Danneels, The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences, Strategic Management Journal 23, 2002, pp. 1095–1121. [23] D.L. Deadrick, N. Bennett, C.J. Russell, Using hierarchical linear modeling to examine dynamic performance criteria over time, Journal of Management 23 (November–December (6)), 1997, pp. 745–757. [24] G.W. Downs Jr., L.B. Mohr, Conceptual issues in the study of innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (December), 1976, pp. 700–714.

Week 2.18 CBEB /2011 Checklist 3.3 Previous research? Strength weaknesses? Objectivity? Facts vs opinion? Value & relevance? Justify own ideas? New insight is needed? Inconsistencies, bias/omission, further testing, lack of evidence, contradictory, limited Referencing correctly published research?

Week 2.19 CBEB /2011 Structure of the literature review Three common structures A single chapter A series of chapters Throughout the report

Week 2.20 CBEB /2011 The key to a critical literature review Demonstrate that you have read, understood and evaluated your material Link the different ideas to form a cohesive and coherent argument Make clear connections to your research objectives and the subsequent empirical material Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.21 CBEB /2011 Categories of Literature Sources Primary (published and unpublished) Secondary Tertiary Detailed in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.22 CBEB /2011 Literature sources available Saunders et al. (2009) Figure 3.2 Literature sources available

Week 2.23 CBEB /2011 The literature search strategy (1) Write down parameters of your search key words and search terms to be used databases and search engines to be used criteria for selection of relevant and useful studies And Discuss these with a tutor (if possible)

Week 2.24 CBEB /2011 The literature search strategy (2) Define the research parameters Generate key words Discuss your research Brainstorm ideas Construct Relevance trees - use computer software

Week 2.25 CBEB /2011 Conducting a literature search (1) Approaches can include Searching tertiary literature sources Obtaining relevant literature Scanning and browsing secondary literature Searching using the Internet

Week 2.26 CBEB /2011 Conducting a literature search (2) Searching using tertiary literature Ensure key words match controlled index language Search appropriate printed and database sources Note precise details used – including search strings Note the FULL reference of each search found

Week 2.27 CBEB /2011 Conducting a literature search (3) Printed sources Databases – use of Boolean logic and free text searching (Table 3.3) Scanning and browsing Searching the Internet (Tables 3.4 and 3.5) Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.28 CBEB /2011 Conducting a literature search (4) Searching the Internet Saunders et al. (2003) Figure 3.3 Searching the Internet

Week 2.29 CBEB /2011 Conducting a literature search (5) Searching the Internet Saunders et al. (2003) Figure 3.3 Searching the Internet (Continued)

Week 2.30 CBEB /2011 Evaluating the literature Define the scope of your review Assess relevance and value Assess sufficiency

Week 2.31 CBEB /2011 Recording the literature Make notes for each item you read Record – Biographic details Brief summary of content Supplementary information Sharp et al. (2002)

Week 2.32 CBEB /2011 Recording the literature Bibliographic details (Table 3.6) Brief summary Supplementary information (Table 3.7) Saunders et al. (2009)

Week 2.33 CBEB /2011 Plagiarism Four common forms Stealing material from another source Submitting material written by another Copying material without quotation marks Paraphrasing material without documentation Adapted from Park (2003), cited in Easterby-Smith et al. (2008)

Week 2.34 CBEB /2011 Summary: Chapter 3 The critical literature review Sets the research in context Leads the reader into later sections of the report Begins at a general level and narrows to specific topics

Week 2.35 CBEB /2011 Summary: Chapter 3 A literature search requires Three main categories of sources Clearly defined research questions and objectives Defined parameters Use of techniques – ( brainstorming and relevance trees)