World War I

Causes of WWI – MANIA! M ilitarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war A lliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another A ssassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand I mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically. N ationalism – extreme pride in one’s country

Militarism Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

Militarism Arms Race, pg. 754 –Manufacturing Schlieffen Plan –pg. 754, ID Term

Alliances: Balance of Power How was the balance of power in Europe threatened in the late 19 th century? German Threat GB & France Austro-Hungarian ethnic rivalries Serbia, Bulgaria = Pan-Slavism Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Great Britain = “splendid isolation”

Alliances Triple AllianceTriple Entente

Nationalism At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in Another result was that France lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French. Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's willingness to support its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungary's Pan- Germanism.

1 st & 2 nd Balkan Wars –1912 Balkan League (Se, Bu, Mo, Gr) vs. Ottomans –1913: Gr, Se, Ro, OE vs. Bu over Macedonia & Albania = Serbia blocked; Albania independent Nationalism: Balkan Wars

Imperialism Great Britain, Germany and France needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the Industrial Revolution. These countries competed for economic expansion in Africa. Although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises foreshadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia.

The “Spark”

Assassination Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist group called the Black Hand who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Domino Effect Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary. Russia pledged their support for Serbia.

Domino Effect Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

Allied Powers Central Powers World War I

Why was WWI a Stalemate? What’s a stalemate? –Neither side can make a move to win. Machine gun. How did this change war? How was it fought before? Trench Warfare = “solution”. Millions die without gaining ground.

What new weapons were used in WWI? Machine gun Poison gas Submarine Airplane Tank Why these weapons? Why now? INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!!

Causes of War’s End War Exhaustion –Austro-Hungarian breakdown Emperor Franz Ferdinand dies Pro-Slavic military deserters Attempted assassination of young Emperor Charles I 1916 Charles I tries to enter into secret treaty w/ Allies –Calls for Peace From Lenin to Luxemburg to Wilson –Workers Striker & Soldiers Mutinies

Causes of War’s End US enters the War –Zimmerman Telegram –Germany unrestricted submarine warfare Russia pulls out of the War –Russian/German armistice Lenin wants “peace without annexations and war indemnities” –Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918 Annexations: Russia loses ¼ of its prewar population and farmable land; ½ of its coal fields and iron manufacturing Moscow becomes new Russian capital

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Germany’s Defeat Spring 1918 – last German offensives on western front fail –Germans shocked at loss Nov –German generals and emperor step aside –New republican gov’t. broker armistice Return Alsace-Lorraine Give up submarines; destroy artillery Release Allied prisoners of war Annul Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Agreed to pay war damages Naval blockade remains in place until Treaty is signed

Chaos and Destruction Political chaos ensues –Worker and soldier uprisings in Germany Middle class citizens fear for their lives and property Lenin believes Communist revolution’s time has come across Europe –Creation of new countries –Dismantling of old countries Destruction of lives, economies and territorieslives –Spanish Flu epidemic

Casualties? Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1 65,038,810 Total troops dead from all countries in WW1 8,556,315 Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1 21,219,452 Total missing or POWs 7,750,945