Ecology 8310 Population (and Community) Ecology

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Presentation transcript:

Ecology 8310 Population (and Community) Ecology Beyond two trophic levels HSS 1960 Oksanen et al. 1981 Control, Limitation, Regulation Bottom-up vs. Top-down Trophic cascades

Beyond two trophic levels…

Why is the world green? Vs. Observation: Plants are abundant; thus… Plants are NOT herbivore-limited: they are resource-limited Herbivores are NOT limited by their food: they are limited by their predators Therefore, Predators must be limited by their resources Source of limitation alternates among trophic levels

Lots of controversy initially Number of citations Lots of controversy initially Not much… 1981?

Extended basic predator-prey model (LV, Rosenzweig…) Note: Planar carnivore isocline (why?) Curved plant isocline (why?) Curved herbivore isocline (why?) INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY

It's complicated…an oversimplified cartoon:

Abundance (or biomass) Plants Herbivores 1o Carnivores 2o Carnivores This is "wrong". Details depend on functional responses and specifics about stability and nonlinearities. 1TL 2TL 3TL 4TL Potential Productivity See Mittelbach et al. 1988; Leibold 1989

Link to empirical patterns (recall lake data)… …what about terrestrial systems?

Recall Sarnelle's meta-analysis (zoop effects more pronounced at higher nutrients), as predicted by Oksanen et al… Chase et al. summarized herbivore exclusion experiments in grasslands and found…

Herbivores remove 50% Vs. none

Why?

These patterns are focused on herbivore-plants…let's add one more level:

Prediction: Trophic cascade Predators + _ + Prey _ + Resource

How do herbivores and plants respond to predator manipulations?

Why are the observed data <1:1?

Do trophic cascades support HSS/Oksanen?

Discussion: Persson et al. (1988) [and many others…] …predator and prey are regulated by different factors. Top carnivores are predicted to be resource-limited, while plants … should be controlled by grazers… What do we mean by "limited", "controlled" and "regulated"?

Resource Limitation Predator Limitation 0.025 (0.012-0.038) 0.0011 (0.001-0.0031) 0.042 (0.032-0.052) 0.0056 (0.0035-0.0077) 0.098 (0.088-0.107) 0.031 (0.001-0.052) Biomass specific growth rate responses (del biomass / biomass / time)

Herb x Fert experiments

So, producers (and higher trophic levels) are limited by both resources and predators Relative importance, effects of productivity and trophic cascades likely reflects heterogeneity within trophic levels