Phonology: Basic concepts Raung-fu Chung

Rule format: a. A  B / C____ b. A  B / _____C c. A  B / C____D d. A  B / #____ e. A  B / ____ #

Autosegmental phonology: General backgrounds) toneSyllable type glossary a.High b.Low tonemba$hut c.High low tone mba^rice d.Low high

mba …… (segmental tier) …… (association line) H L …... (tonal tier)

monosyllable bisyllable HL a. mba ‘rice’ b. nika ‘cow’ H L H L LHL c. mba ‘’ d. nyaha ‘cat’ L H L L H L

Application of AP: a. [V]  [ ＋ N]/____ [ ＋ N] b. V C [ ＋ N] Cat [k  t] Can [k  )n]

Examine the Lomongo data: The prefix for 2nd sg ， but when it precedes a vowel initial stem, it becomes a glide [w] ， the tone surviving. Kisseberth and Kenstowicz 1976:135) ： Ur 1st sg snd sg. glossary a.sa  ga  n  sa  ga o  sa  ga ‘say’ b.kamba   kamba o  kamba ‘work’ c.e  na n  je  na we  na ‘see’ d.i  sa n  ji  sa wi  sa ‘hide’ e.ime  ja  n  jimeja wi  meja ‘agree’ f.ina  n  jina wi  na ‘hate’

H  / H ____(High tone gets deleted after another H.) H a. UR ena b. H H o ena c. Mushen’s rule H H （ H  ) o ena

H H o ena d. [o]  [w]/ __V H w ena = we  na

Obligatory Contour Principle ， OCP) ： a. H * b. H H X X X X c. t *d. t t X X X X

a. H *b. H H X X X X ime ja Subject to OCP, only the representation in (a) is allowed.

(40) a. b. H H X X X X o i me ja o i me Violating OCP

Zimbawe: P is of high tone ne  in UR. Now examine the following data and provide your account for the tonal variation (Odden1995) UR P+ UR a.mbwa  dog ne  -mbwa and dog b.ho  ve  fish ne  -hove and fish c.mbu  ndu  dzi  worm ne  -mbundudzi and worm d.ha  ka  ta  bone ne  -hakata and bone e.be  nzi  bvunza  fool ne  and fool

Beijing Mandarin: r-retroflexation (a) Why nasality remains after the segment is deleted? (b)How to account for occurrence of nasalized vowel ？ a.hua  +  r → hu  a  r ( 黃兒 ) b.pa  +  r → pa  r ( 蚌兒 ) c.t  ia  +  r → t  i  a  r ( 江兒 )

( (Trigo 1993: ) ： A.a. ata)  a)ta) a lot b. tupa)  tu)pa) god c. aya)  a)ya) devil d. pora)  po)ra) pretty  e. a B a)  a)ma) rain f. aDa)  a)na) won ’t B. A. /a)ra  /a)ra) now b. B a)va  ma)va) who  c. B e)Da  me)na) husbanc Question ： How can the nasality be accounted for?

Vata: In this language, there are two pairs of vowels, generally distinguished by [ ＋ / － ATR] (ATR=Advanced Tongue Root )( Kaye 1982:388) ： ﹝＋ ATR ﹞ ﹝－ ATR ﹞ i u   e o   a  Now examine the following tat ： UR Ins gloss UR non-ins gloss a.kl  kl  l  grab pi pile prepare b.N  n  N  n  l  sleep bi bile go c.bl  b bl  l  sing su sule meet Questions ： a. What is the UR of the suffix? b. How can this be accounted for ？