Occupational Safety & Fundamentals Hand Tools Occupational Safety & Fundamentals

Suplemental Art

Introduction to Hand Tools Module 00103-04

Safety Always wear PPE Make sure all tools are in good condition Never use damaged/worn tools Never strike two hammers against each other Best made from alloy, dropped-forged steel

Hammers – claw / ball peen Claw hammer Steel head Wooden, steel, fiberglass handle Used to drive nails, wedges, dowels Pull nails from wood Bell faced vs. flat face

Claw hammer – drive a nail Hold nail 90 degrees Grip handle at end Rest face on nail Few light taps Move fingers – hit nail firmly on center of hammer face Hold hammer level with nail head

Figure 2 - Proper use of a claw hammer

Claw hammer – pull a nail Claw under nail Pull nail straight up from wood

Ball peen hammer Flat face – striking Round face – align brackets Strengthen welds Weight = 6 ounces – 2 ½ lbs. Use same as claw hammer Round face = peening rivets Classified by their weight

Weight forward hammer Heavier – 21 ounces Fewer strikes Less fatigue

Weight-Forward Hammers

Maintenance No splinters in handle Head secured to handle Replace cracked /broken handles Keep face clean Hold hammer properly Strike only on face of hammer

Mallets Similar to hammer Short wooden handle Head = softer metal Plastic, wood, rubber Used to reduce damage to item being struck

Sledgehammers Composition – high carbon steel Weight – 2-20 lbs. Double faced Crosspeen Never use your hand or anyone else's to hold an object before you hit it with a sledgehammer

sledgehammers Uses Drive posts or large stakes Break concrete and cast iron How Its Made Video http://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made-hammer-time.html

Figure 6 - Types of sledgehammers Transparency 4 Figure 6 - Types of sledgehammers

Screwdrivers Tighten or remove screws Made of tempered steel Identified by type of screw it fits How Its Made Video http://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made-screwdrivers.html

Figure 3 - Six common types of screw heads Transparency 3 Figure 3 - Six common types of screw heads

Figure 4 - Slotted and Phillips head screwdrivers

Never use a screwdriver as a chisel Figure 5 - Proper use of screwdriver Never use a screwdriver as a chisel

Screwdrivers Clean tool Avoid damaged/worn/bent handle Dirt & grease Avoid damaged/worn/bent handle Blade tip should be smooth/straight Never point blade tip towards anyone

Ripping Bars Also called Heavy duty dismantling Octagonal Pry bar, pinch, wrecking bar Heavy duty dismantling Wood, concrete Octagonal Two specialized ends

Ripping bar

Nail pullers Cats paw Chisel bar Flat bar

Accidents Bar slips and you fall Materials working on break

Pliers Made from hardened steel Jaws w/teeth to grip Do not use on nuts or bolts 6 common types

Slip joint pliers Adjustable jaws 2 jaw settings Serrated teeth that grip flat, square, round, or hexagonal objects.

Long nose pliers Also called needle nose Used in tight places Wire cutter near pivot

Lineman pliers Also called side cutters Used to cut large heavy gauge wire Wedged jaw reduce slippage Strong holding strength

Tongue and grove pliers Also called channellocks® Grip Flat, square, round, hexagonal objects Jaws adjust to 5 positions Used to hold pipe

Vise-grip® pliers Clamp like a vise Knob in handle controls width/tension Release with lever

Rulers Flat steel Measuring tape Wooden folding rule Digital measuring device

Flat steel rule Simplest/most common 6-12 inches Thinner is more accurate

Measuring tape

Measuring tape Curved cross section Role up Stay rigid Hook Lock

Wooden folding rule Usually 16th 6’ & 8’ Best for measuring vertical distance

Levels Horizontal - level Vertical - plumb Spirit level Electronic Most common Electronic Laser

Spirit level Tough light weight metal Viles filled with alcohol Magnesium Aluminum Viles filled with alcohol Longer the level – more accurate

Spirit level

Digital & Laser levels

Squares Used for marking, checking, and measuring

Carpenter square Or framing square Squaring up sections of work 24” blade 16” tongue

Rafter angle square Also called speed square Combination protractor Try square Framing square

Combination square 12” blade 90 and 45 angles Uses Checking square Marking 90 and 45 angles Checking level and plumb surfaces Measuring

Plumb Bob Pointed weight attached to a string Hangs vertical or plumb

Chalk line String coated with chalk Some can be used as plumb bob

Bench Vise Gripping and holding Portable or fixed Do not use pipe over handle to tighten

Clamps Used for holding Sized by maximum opening of jaw Examples C-clamps metal work Locking c-clamp Spring clamp Bar clamp Pipe clamp Hand screw clamp Web clamp

Don’t over tighten clamps.

Discard clamps with bent frames Discard clamps with bent frames. Don’t use pipe section to tighten clamps.

Saws Main difference Fewer the teeth = courser and faster Shape, number, pitch of teeth Fewer the teeth = courser and faster

Backsaw Used for cutting joints Miter and tenons

Compass saw Cuts curves in wood Can fit into tight places Plywood, drywall Can fit into tight places

Coping saw Flexible blade Moldings

Dovetail saw Cutting fine joints dovetails

Hacksaw Cut through Metals, screws, pipe, nails, bolts

Handsaw Crosscut Ripsaw against grain With grain Never cut lumber between sawhorses.

Files and rasps Cut, smooth, shape metal parts or wood Files = slanting rows of teeth Rasps = individual teeth Made from high grade steel.

Chisels Chisel Sloped edge Cold chisel Cut and shape wood Used to cut metal http://science.discovery.com/videos/assembly-line-baltimore-toolworks-chisels.html

Punches Indent metal With hammer Made from hardened/tempered steel

Wrenches Used to hold/turn screws, nuts, bolts, pipes Nonadjustable & adjustable

Wrenches - nonadjustable Open ended

Box end

Allen

Combination

Adjustable wrenches Fixed and movable jaw Always choose correct size First set jaws to fit nut, bolt, pipe Could slip = injury or lose balance Pull wrench towards you

Pipe wrench Also called monkey wrenches

Spud wrench Plumbing. Drain traps, toilet connections. Narrow jaws

Crescent wrench

Sockets & Ratchets Fittings are square. Ratchet handle.

Wedges Hard rubber, plastic, wood, steel Lift/separate objects Tapered to thin edge Lift/separate objects

Utility knives Variety of cutting purposes Roofing felt shingles Vinyl/linoleum flooring drywall Replaceable razor like blade 1, 2, 3 positions Ours have 6 positions

Utility knives Never use on electrical wiring

Utility knives

Chain falls Chain block Chain hoist Manual & electric Lifts heavy loads

Come-alongs Cabin pullers Uses chain or rope Do not use for lifting heavy loads

Wire brushes One of the most common hand tools All construction areas us them Clean rusty tools, remove paint Do not use on finish work

Shovels Also used by many trades 3 basic shapes Round, square, spade Wooden or fiberglass handle 2 basic sizes Long & short handle

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