Chapter 7

1-Speaking from Manuscript – Pros- – Cons 2-Speaking from Memory (oratory) 3-Speaking Impromptu 4-Speaking Extemporaneously

 Verbal= of or concerned with words (sign language or writing)  Nonverbal=process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.  Occurs through sensory channel-sight, sound, smell, touch or taste  Vocal/Voice  Visuals/Body WHAT YOU SAY VS. HOW YOU SAY IT

 Natural-like conversation  Enthusiasm-achieved by choosing topic important to you Gestures, eye-contact, facial gestures, rapid speak, tone  Confidence-focus on ideas you want to convey rather than memorized words and sentences Comfort, certainty, composed  Directness=connect personally with audience  friendly tone, eye contact, animated facial expressions

Aural Channel (Vocals)- vocalizations that form and accompany spoken words (paralanguage)  Volume Relative loudness of speaker’s voice Depends on size of room and number of people  Pitch Range of sound from high to low Conveys mood, level of enthusiasm Vary pitch to avoid monotone  Rate Speed speaker talks 120 words per minute is average Variance

 Pauses Type of punctuation Can emphasize point/enhance meaning Give listener moment to contemplate Avoid vocal fillers  Vocal Variety Using multiple vocal cues Achieving vocal variety=enthusiasm  Pronunciation/Articulation/Accents The correct formation of word/clarity or forcefulness of words Avoid mumbling

-Physical actions and appearance  Facial expressions-convey emotions, builds rapport  Eye-contact-shows recognition, confidence, respect (scan)  Gestures-clarifies meanings of words  Body movements/posture-moving around, stance  Physical appearance/dress-influences audience perception of speaker  Visual Aids-objects held-avoid unnecessary objects

Touch-way we touch Space-sense of distance  Distance/Proxemics-Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, public distance  Territoriality-fixed space that we assume rights to-home Environment-physical environment people create can reflect and shape interaction Time/Chornemics-how we use and structure time  Monochronic-emphasizing punctuality  Polychronic-flexibility in time

 Communicative value-everything communicates  Relational-controls identity management, defines type of relationship we are seeking, conveys emotions  Ambiguous-difficult to interpret accurately-ex. Romantic situation.  Different from verbal communication-continuous, ambiguous, often unintentional

 Repeating-accompanies gestures –good for remembering  Substituting-ex. Shrugging shoulders = I don’t know  Complementing-tone, facial expressions, etc, can complement a message /reinforce it  Accenting-emphasizing certain things Ex. pointing an accusing finger while accusing  Regulating-nonverbal can control flow of verbal  Contradicting-red and angry but saying no I’m not angry  Deceiving-can hide deception or can show deception  Credibility-Helps speaker establish credibility

 Culture-Ex. Differences in space, eye contact, time (mom wedding pictures)  Gender-Ex. Females more nonverbally expressive, better able to recognize others nonverbals

9a/Hillarys-2nd-Place-Informative-Speech