CONSTRUTION SAFETY AND ENGINEERING ETHICS Lecture 1: Accident Statistics Assist. Prof. Dr. Özgür KÖYLÜOĞLU Yeditepe University, Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department, Room: A-202A E-mail: ozgur.koyluoglu@yeditepe.edu.tr

Definition of Work Accidents Social Security and National Health Security Act (Law #5510): An accident is an occurance happening when; The employee is at work, Due to the work executed by the Employer, if the insured is working on his/her behalf independently due to the work executed by himself, Due to travel of the insured who is working as an amployee, at times he/she is not doing the main work At the maternal employee’s is breastfeeding times, in accordance with Artcile 4 part 1 (a) of this Law the insured is commuting to work with a vehicle provided by the employer resulting in immediate or future mental or physical disability of those under social security

Scope of Work Accidents Those employed on temporary employment, permanent employment, self employed, employer or family worker working on an unpaid basis are within the scope of the work accidents. Work accidents include the accidents at the work site or during execution of the work, which may result in any type of injuries or fatality, including the traffic accidents while travelling for a business meeting.

Scope of Work Ill Health Any kind of health problem the worker is subjected to during the last 12 months, which is attributable to existing work conditions or worsening previous health problems.

Motivation - UK Construction is high risk industry. According to the ILO (International Labor Organization) risk of accidents is 6 times higher than other industries In UK, 5% of the employees work in construction industry however it accounts for 31% of fatal injuries and 10% of reported major/specific injuries[1]. In 2013/14, there were 42 fatal injuries in the construction industry. Fig. 1.1. Numbers of Fatal Injuries to Employees from 1973 to 2013/2014[1] (The Reporitng of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurances Regulations; RIDDOR)

Definition of Major Injuries[1’] Fracture, other than to fingers, thumbs or toes Dislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spine Chemical or hot metal burn to, or penetrating injury of, the eye Injury leading to hypothermia, heat-induced illness or to unconsciousness Injury requring admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours Acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness, resulting from the absorption of any substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin

Definition of Major Injuries[1’] Amputation (loss of a body part) Loss of sight, temporary or permanent Injury from electric shock or burn leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or more than 24 hours hospital Injury requiring resuscitation Los of consciousness through asphyxia (loss of breath) or exposure to a harmful substance or biological agent Acute illness requiring medical treatment where there is reason to believe that it resulted from exposure to a biological agent or its toxins or infected material

Table 1.1. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics [5] Motivation - Turkey Total number of accidents is 69 227 in 2011[2] (79 027 in 2006), constituting appx. 1.0 % of employment as per Ministry figures[3]. In Turkey, 10% of the accidents occur in construction works, corresponding to 25% of work accidents resulting in permanent work loss and 34% of the fatal work accidents[3]. In 2012, 744 fatal accidents occurred; 256 of these working in the construction industry. Fatalities in 2011 in the construction industry was 570[4]. Table 1.1. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics [5]

Accident Statistics – Turkey - Metal products industry has the highest number of accidents, yet fatalities in construction industry is 10 times higher. Table 1.2. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics (2006) [2]

Accident Statistics – Turkey - In 2012 total registered employment was 18.3 million. Table 1.3. Work Accident, Permanent Work Loss and Death Statistics on 3 Highest Accident Industries (2011, 2012) [6]

Construction Accidents in Construction Types – UK- Occurance in buildings is much higher than the infrastructure works. Fig. 1.3. Percentage of Construction Injuries Classified as per Construction Activity[1] RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurances Regulations ; ONS – Office of National Statistics

Construction Accidents in Construction Types – Turkey- Occurance in buildings is much higher than the infrastructure works. Fig. 1.4. Percentage of Construction Injuries Classified as per Construction Activity[5]

Fatal Construction Injuries– UK- For 2013/14, rate of occurance of fatal injuries was approximately 1.6 per 100 000 workers (highest in 2006/07 with 3.1) [1]. Number of fatal injuries was 42 in 2013/14. Table 1.3. Kinds of Fatal Injury in Construction[1]

Major/Specified Construction Injuries – UK- For 2013/14, rate of occurance of major/specified injuries was approximately 160 per 100 000 workers (highest before 2008/09 with 275)[1] Table 1.4. Kinds of Major/Specified Injury in Construction[1]

Fatal & Major/Specified Construction Injuries – Turkey - Table 1.5. Kinds of Injury in Construction[5]

Ill Health Issues – UK- Table 1.4. Work Related Illnesses According to the Voluntary Reporting of Occupational Diseases by Doctors (THOR and THOR-GP) [1] Occupational cancer is largest in construction industry than the other industrial sectors; due to exposure to asbestos (69%), silica (17%), paints (6-7%), diesel engine exhaust (6-7%); also solar radiation; coal tars and pitches.

Ill Health Issues – Turkey - Table 1.5. Ill Health Statistics for All Industries (2006) [2]

Ill Health Issues – Turkey - Table 1.6. Ill Health Reporting (2007) [6] Reporting of ill-health is not satisfactory in Turkey.

Consequences of Failure in Safety Ethical and emotional, remorse / feeling responsible. Legal consequences – prosecutions / imprisonement In 2013/14, number of fatal injuries were 42. An estimated number of cases related to work ill-health is 76 000 in UK of which 31 000 were new cases In Turkey number of work ill-health cases were 895 000 in 2013 (1 217 000 in 2007), constituting 2.1 % (3.7 %) of those employed Financial consequences – fines / indemnities and costs to the government Secondary effects – work days lost In UK (2013/14), an estimated 2.3 million working days were lost; 1.7 million due to ill health and 592.000 due to workplace injury

Losses and Financial Consequences - UK Between 2011/12 and 2013/14 the average number of work days lost due to injury was 0.6 million, equivalent to 0.3 days per worker in construction industry (0.18 for all industries). Imposes costs to employer (sick pay etc), on those suffering (pain, grief etc) and on government (health care expenditure etc) Economic costs of workplace injury and work related illness cases was estimated 1.1 billion sterlin in 2012/13. Fig. 1.2. Economic Costs 2012/2013[1]

Losses and Financial Consequences – Turkey Direct financial losses due to permanent disability and fatality, work days lost or loss of production efficiency treatment costs amount to 3.9 billion liras in Turkey. Indirect financial losses due to emergency actions right after the accident work loss due to termination of works, doctors and necessary equipments and activities for rescue resuming the works can cost the same amount totalling 7.7 billion Turkish Liras [8].

Legal Consequences – UK- Health and Safety Engineers and Local/Governmental Authorities are responsible for enforcing health and safety legislation. Tools to secure compliance; In 2013/14, nearly 95% of cases resulted in a conviction. Improvement Notices Prohibition Notices Prosecution Fig. 1.3. Prosecutions in Construction [1]

Legal Consequences – Turkey[8]- CODE OF OBLİGATIONS (Borçlar Kanunu) (6098) Material Damages for Disability (49) (Maddi Tazminat) - Medical Costs - Costs of Workpower Lost - Costs due to Loss of Goodwill (İtibar) Material Damages for Loss of Lifesupport (53) (Maddi Tazminat Destekten Yoksun Kalma) Moral Damages (56) (Manevi Tazminat) SOCIAL SECURITY AND NATIONAL HEALTH SECURITY ACT (Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanunu) (5510) Rights (16) (Haklar) - Temporary/Permenant Disability - Income for Rightholders - Marriage Aid - Funeral Aid Reclaiming from the Owner (21) (İşveren Rücu)

Penalties for Work Accidents – Turkey[8] INDEMNITIES PENAL LAW Murder by Omission or Negligence (5237/85) - Custody for 2-6 yrs - 2-15 yrs for more than 1 casualty/injury Injury by Omission or Negligence (5237/89) - Custody for 3 mo’s-1 yr - Legal compensation patyment - 6 mo’s-3 yrs for more than 1 injuries BUSINESS LAW Administrative Enforcements - Shut down (Kapatma) - Suspension of works (Durdurma) - Retaining the unsuitable workers from the work (Alıkoyma) Financial Charges for Incompliances as per Law No 6331 - Absense of Occupational Physician 5000 TL/month - Absense of Occupational Safety Specialist 5000 TL/month - Absense of Risk Assesment 3000 TL+ 4500 TL/month - …

Legal Authorities Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı – İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Genel Müdürlüğü (Turkish Ministry of Labour and Social Security, Department of Occupational Health and Safety) OSHA Law #6331 United States Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) OSHA Law and Regulations United Kingdom Health and Safety Executives (HSE) Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) European Directives

Professional Organizations for Construction Safety Health and Safety Executive (HSE), UK American Ladder Institute (ALI) American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) International Organization of Standardization (ISO) International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA)

Specifications for Construction Safety OHSAS 18001 – An International Occupational Health and Safety Management System Specification (BSI-The British Standards Institution). OHSAS 18001 – Occupation Health and Safety Assesment OHSAS 18002 – Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: - Guidance American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Safety Standards HSE’s Guidance Documents European Guidelines and Standards by European Standardization Organizations (CEN, CENELEC and ETSI)

References http://www.hse.gov.uk/Statistics/industry/construction/index.htm 1’ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporting_of_Injuries,_Diseases_and_Dangerous_Occurrences _Regulations#Major_injuries http://sgkrehberi.com/haber/9010/ İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası’nın hazırladığı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Raporu, TMH-455- 2009/3. http://www.pozitifisguvenligi.com/pozitif/images/stories/haberler/sgk_2012.pdf İnşaat Sektörümüzdeki Başlıca İş Kazası Tipleri, Doç.Dr. M. Uğur Müngen, İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, TMH-469-2011/5 2012 SGK İş Kazası İstatistiklerinin Analizi, Kemal Üçüncü, İş GüvenliğiMühendisi İş Kazaları ve İşe Bağlı Sağlık Problemleri, Araştırma Sonuçları 2013, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, Ocak 2014. “İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği’ne Şaşı Bakmak, İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, İMO, TMH-455- 2009/3. Canpolat Ceran, Mehmet Ceran, “6331 Sayılı İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu Bilgilendirme Semineri”, Ankara Serbest Muhasebeci Mali Müşavirler Meslekte Birlik Derneği.