Chapter 5 African Americans in the Nation:

Section 1 Forces for Freedom Slavery Begins to Unfold Slavery Begins to Unfold –North and Chesapeake favored emancipation after the War for Independence ended. –The transatlantic immigration brings a lot of white laborers to the North  The white laborers work very cheaply.  This makes African slaves not as essential as before.

Section 1 Forces for Freedom Northern Emancipation Northern Emancipation –New England states such as Vermont, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire abolished slavery during the 1770s and 1780s.  Black men in the Massachusetts gain the right to vote before 1790 –Paul and John Cuffe (1783)

Section 1 Forces for Freedom Northern Emancipation Northern Emancipation –Connecticut and Rhode Island adopted gradual abolition plans.  In Connecticut the state proposed that all children born to enslaved mother after March 1, 1784 would become free after their twenty-five birthday.  In Rhode Island the state proposed that all children born to enslaved mother after March 1, 1784 would become free at birth.

Section 1 Forces for Freedom Mid-Atlantic States (PA, NJ, NY) Mid-Atlantic States (PA, NJ, NY) –These states had more investment in slaves than the New England states.  More reluctant to abolish slavery –Pennsylvania voted that children of enslaved mothers would become free at twenty-eight in –In 1799, New York agreed male slaves born after July 4 of that year would become free at twenty-eight.  For females the age was –In New Jersey agreed that males slaves born after July 4, 1804 would become free at age twenty-five  For females the age was twenty-one

Section 1 Forces for Freedom The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 –Articles of Confederation was were Congress drew its authority. –Thomas Jefferson 1.Western region be divided into separate territories 2.Slavery banned after 1800 from the Appalachians to the Mississippi River and from Spanish Florida –In 1787 Congress adopted the Northwest Ordinance  This provided orderly sale of land, support for public education, territorial government, and eventual formation of new states. –Unlike Jefferson proposal slavery was banned immediately in the area.

Section 1 Forces of Freedom Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South –Anthony Benezet organized the first antislavery society in  Later became known as the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery (1787) –Benjamin Franklin became its president - Antislavery societies aimed at gradual compensated emancipation for states such as Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia.  White abolitionists were reluctant to challenge the property right of slaves owners.  Also they feared that freed elderly slaves would need long training before they could be free.

Section 1 Forces for Freedom Manumission and Self-Purchase Manumission and Self-Purchase –Manumission laws were liberalized in most southern states after the Revolution.  Masters could free individual slaves by deed or will. –Before masters would have to go to court to prove that a slaves desired to be freed –Other slaves bought their freedom through self- purchase contracts  Masters enjoyed this because they were receiving in return for their lost of laborers. –Self purchase could leave slaves in “financial slavery”

Section 1 Forces for Slavery The Emergence of A Free Black Class in the South The Emergence of A Free Black Class in the South –The number of free blacks in the Upper South blossomed from 1790 to  Maryland went from 8,043 free blacks to 39,730 free blacks  Virginia went from 12,766 free blacks to 36,889 free blacks –Still most of the Upper South black population remained enslaved  Only 10.6% of blacks were free in the Upper South in 1820.

Key Terms for Section 1 Emancipation- The freeing of enslaved African Americans. Emancipation- The freeing of enslaved African Americans. Transatlantic immigration- The immigration of white laborers from Europe to America. Transatlantic immigration- The immigration of white laborers from Europe to America. Articles of Confederation- The constitution from which the Congress derived its authority between 1781 and Articles of Confederation- The constitution from which the Congress derived its authority between 1781 and Northwest Ordinance- Ordinance that provided for the formation of new states in the Old Northwest and banning of slavery in that region. Northwest Ordinance- Ordinance that provided for the formation of new states in the Old Northwest and banning of slavery in that region.

Key Terms for Section 1 Abolitionist- An advocate of the abolition of slavery. Abolitionist- An advocate of the abolition of slavery. Antislavery societies- Societies formed under Quaker leadership to promote the abolition of slavery. Antislavery societies- Societies formed under Quaker leadership to promote the abolition of slavery. Compensated emancipation- Emancipation accompanied by the monetary compensation of former slave owners. Compensated emancipation- Emancipation accompanied by the monetary compensation of former slave owners. Manumission- The legal freeing of a slave. Manumission- The legal freeing of a slave.