Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) 1 Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.

Classification CClassification is an important process in understanding how organisms are related and how they are different. TTaxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms. 2

Aristotle Ancient Greece— Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC) was the first to use a classification system. classified living things into two categories: plants and animals. Plants -shrubs, herbs, or trees. Animals -according to where they lived. His classification system was based on structural differences that were seen. 3

Carolus Linnaeus ( ) C o n s i d e r e d t o b e t h e F a t h e r o f m o d e r n T a x o n o m y 4  Swedish Botantist based his classification on characteristics of organisms that were similar. Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.

L i n n a e u s u s e d L a t i n f o r t h e N a m e s o f h i s c a t e g o r i e s, b e c a u s e t h i s w a s t h e l a n g u a g e o f e d u c a t e d p e o p l e a n d n o t l i k e l y t o c h a n g e w h e r e a s a n e v e r y d a y l a n g u a g e i s l i k e l y t o c h a n g e. Clip on next slide 5

Binomial nomenclature  Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used.  The scientific name of an organism is based on a two-word system called binomial nomenclature. 6

Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”) Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”) 7 Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass

The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides). Binomial nomenclature 8

Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together. Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together. 9 In addition to (1) appearance and (2)behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms. In addition to (1) appearance and (2)behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms.

Eight levels of classification 10 Least alike Most alike Domain

GROUP NAME ORGANISM HUMAN CHIMPANZ EE HOUSE CAT LIONHOUSEFLY KINGDOMAnimalia PHYLUMChordate Arthropoda CLASSMammal Insect ORDERPrimates Carnivora Diptera FAMILYHominidaePongidaeFelidae Muscidae GENUSHomoPanFelis Musca SPECIESsapienstroglodytesdomesticaleodomestica Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodyt es Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica 11

Example: Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Specific : sapiens a. homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. Homo Sapiens 12 How would you write the scientific name?

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KINGDOMS OF LIFE 15

Eu- Bacteria Archae - Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Six Kingdoms of Life 16

Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: Three Domains: Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. 17

Eukaryotes Unicellular or multicellular Heterotrophic Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular Heterotropic and autotrophic Eukaryotes Unicellular and multicellular Heterotropic and autotrophic 18 BacteriaProtistaFungi

19 EEukaryotes MMulticellular AAutotrophic EEukaryotes MMulticellular HHeterotrophic PlantaeAnimalia

6 Kingdoms of Life 20 Clip on next slide

Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms. 21 Clip on next slide

A tool to identify organisms is called a dichotomous key. It is made from pairs of contrasting characteristics (e.g., has wings/does not have wings). 22

EOCT ALERT!!!!  A multicellular organism that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients from the soil belongs to the kingdom  A Animalia  B Fungi  C Plantae  D Protista 23

The study of animals is known as A botany B ecology C taxonomy D zoology 24

In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, was proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics with members of which taxonomic level?  A class  B family  C order  D phylum 25

One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases 26