1 Chapter 18 Adolescent Socialization © Gallahue, D.L., & Ozmun, J.C.. Understanding Motor Development. McGraw-Hill

2 Key Concept The Process of Motor Development Occurs in Social Settings Through Play, Games, Physical Activity and Sport, and Is Therefore Influenced by the Cultural Setting of the Individual

3 Adolescence: In the USA, Exploration with Consequences (Table 18.1) Smoking (8-23%) Alcohol Use (15-31%) Illicit drug use (12-26%) Teen pregnancy (2/3 single <25) Suicide (3 rd leading cause 15-25) Violent crime (22% involved)

4 Structure of Socialization Social status (one’s positions in society) Social roles (one’s behavior that fulfills a role) Societal norms (expected standards of behavior)

5 Factors Influencing Socialization People (“family”, peers, significant others) Institutions (school & community programs: must be fun, developmentally appropriate, and instill confidence) Activities (recreation, sport, the arts, clubs)

6 Carnegie Council Recommendations Reengage families Create developmentally appropriate schools Develop health promotion strategies that work Strengthen communities Promote constructive potential of the media

7 Physical Activity and Socialization Affiliation (Top 5: 1. fun, 2. friendships, 3. success, 4. learn new skills, 5. competition) Self-Esteem (the big question: does > achievement > self-esteem? Or does > self-esteem > achievement?)

8 Values Formation and Physical Activity (Figure 18.1) Beliefs (are held to be true based on strong cognitive component) Attitudes (emotions or judgments based on beliefs that may or may not be correct) Values per se (enduring beliefs that tend to lead to action) Moral values (personal judgments of right/wrong, good/bad)

9 Values Formation (cont.) Compliance (doing something in hopes of getting a favorable response) Identification (adopting the attitude or values of another) Internalization (taking on a behavior as part of one’s own value system)

10 Moral Development Through Physical Activity Moral behavior: Intentional behavior that helps others Sportsmanship (moral behavior in a sport context) Standards of conventional moral behavior (i.e. shaking hands & congratulating opponent are not moral behaviors) Social-conventional aspects of moral behavior (honesty, loyalty, teamwork, self- control, fair play)

11 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (Figure 18.2) I.Preconventional morality (egocentric) 1. Punishment/obedience (responds to power) 2. Rewards (does what feels good) II.Conventional morality (other-directed) 3. Approval (wants to be liked) 4. Law & order (responds to authority) III.Postconventional morality (inner-directed) 5. Social contract (negotiates & agrees) 6. Principle (acts out of conviction)

12 Hypothesized Steps to Moral Behavior (Figure 18.3) 1.Moral dilemma arises 2.Moral dissonance is created 3.Moral reasoning occurs 4.Moral decision making happens 5.Moral behavior results

13 Concluding Concept The Many Social Settings of Physical Activity Provide Ideal Avenues for Fostering Cultural Socialization, Values Formation, and Moral Growth