Level 1 Certificate in Coaching Strength & Conditioning Anatomy & Physiology

Skeletal functions: Support –Rigid support for the body’s soft tissue Protection –E.g. Brain –Ribs protect vital organs Movement –Articulation through attachment to skeletal muscles

The Skeletal System Comprises of bones, cartilage and joints Axial skeleton –Forms the upright axis of the body –Skull, ribs, vertebral column, and sternum Appendicular skeleton –Limbs, shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle

Types of Joint Fibrous –Specific connective tissue types binding the bones together e.g. Sutures of the skull Cartilaginous –Specific connective tissue that allows limited movement e.g. intervertebral discs Synovial –Fluid filled joint capsule where the structure of the joint and surrounding connective tissue and muscles determine range of motion

Major Muscles

Muscle Action Muscle origin; where muscle attaches to bone via connective tissue (tendon) nearest centre of body Muscle insertion; where muscle attaches to bone via connective tissue (tendon) away from centre of body Agonist; prime mover of the movement action Antagonist; opposite of agonist, can slow down or stop the movement Synergist; assists n the movement or supports the body during the movement Can you give examples

Muscle Action

Composition of the blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

Functions of the blood Transport of oxygen Transport of energy in form of dissolved food molecules Transport of hormones Removal of carbon dioxide Removal of other waste products

Structure of cardiovascular system Heart –Right atrium –Right ventricle –Left atrium –Left ventricle ArteriesVeinsCapillaries Pathway RA>RV>Lungs>LA>LV>body>RA

Structure of the heart

The heart is a dual pump, circulating blood through two separate closed systems. Oxygen-carrying blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta. It circulates through the body and returns, deoxygenated, to the right auricle via the superior and inferior vena cava. The right ventricle pumps this blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left auricle of the heart, ready for arterial circulation, through the pulmonary veins. The heart is a dual pump, circulating blood through two separate closed systems. Oxygen-carrying blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta. It circulates through the body and returns, deoxygenated, to the right auricle via the superior and inferior vena cava. The right ventricle pumps this blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then returns to the left auricle of the heart, ready for arterial circulation, through the pulmonary veins.

Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke volume Blood pressure –Systolic: pressure against the arterial walls during ventricular contraction ( x HR = heart work) –Diastolic: During ventricular relaxation is the ease with which blood flows from the arterioles into the capillaries

Respiratory system Structure and function Surface area for gaseous exchange Plueral membranes

Mechanics of breathing

Gaseous exchange at the lungs

Gaseous exchange at tissue level

Energy sources: Fats Fats Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Proteins Proteins

Food Pyramid

Nutritional Awareness Food groups; meat; vegetables; fruit; dairy; breads and cereals; fats and oils Nutrients: carbohydrates; fat; protein; vitamins; minerals; water Healthy eating: sources of nutrients from food groups; energy and nutrients; government and advisory body guidelines; eating patterns and habits Nutrition and exercise: fuels for exercise – carbohydrates, fats; fluids; sports drinks; dehydration; re- hydration Food labels: nutritional information; calculating nutrients Ergogenic aids and performance: research in ergogenic aids, categories of ergogenic aids – pharmacological agents, hormonal agents, physiological agents The reasons for supplement use by players/athletes

“Cellular Respiration” Energy is required to do physical work. –Supplied by a substance called ATP (adenosine triphosphate). –The amount of energy produced depends on whether sufficient oxygen is present in the cells. Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water + Energyequation 1

Acute responses to exercise Aerobic –Increase in systolic pressure –Reduction in peripheral resistance Strength training - Increase in systolic pressure -Short term increase in diastolic pressure

Cardiovascular adaptations to training (primarily aerobic) Increased ventricular volume Increased stroke volume Decreased resting and sub maximal heart rates Increased muscle capillarisation Increased plasma volume Reduction in resting blood pressure

More adaptations to training Increased maximal exercise ventilation Increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 Max) Increased oxygen extraction by the muscles Decreased resting breathing rate Increased maximal breathing rate

Biochemical adaptations to aerobic training Increased myoglobin content Increase in number and size of mitochondria (muscle machinary) Increase in activity of enzymes involved in energy productions Increase in muscular glycogen stores Increased ability to oxidise fat

Three energy systems provide ATP: Phoshagen system Glycolytic system Oxidative system