With contributions from: Jens Redemann, John Livingston, Yohei Shinozuka, Steve Howell, Cam McNaughton, Eike Bierwirth, Sebastian Schmidt, Ralph Kahn, Charles Gatebe, Alexei Lyapustin, Thanos Nenes, Terry Lathem, Rich Ferrare, Chris Hostetler, Ed Eloranta, Norm O’Neill, Omar Torres, Pepijn Veefkind, Ben Veihelmann … ARCTAS P-3B Overview: Goals, Payload, Flights, and Example Results ARCTAS Science Team Meeting Jan 2009 Virginia Beach, VA Phil Russell and Tony Clarke P-3B Platform Scientists

P-3B in ARCTAS Overall Goal Measurements and analyses to address ARCTAS science - Theme 3: Aerosol Radiative Forcing including indirect aerosol forcing via clouds - Theme 2: Boreal Forest Fires while also contributing to ARCTAS’s -Theme 1: Long-Range Transport of Pollution to the Arctic -Theme 4: Chemical Processes

Joint POLARCAT-ARCTAS objectives P-3B in ARCTAS Vertical layering of Arctic pollution, associated optical properties and the related physiochemistry of Arctic aerosol Direct radiative effects within pollution and smoke layers in the Arctic Size resolved properties of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and interactions of aerosols with clouds and their impact on radiative forcing Reflectance & albedo of snow, ice & other surfaces and compare to available surface-based measurements of snow albedo/reflectance Study impact of boreal forest fire emissions on the composition of the troposphere and on concentrations of soot, organics and ionic species Determine the lofting, transport and evolution of smoke aerosol physiochemistry and associated optical properties Validate aerosol, trace gas, and cloud products of space observations from polar orbiting satellites

P-3B in ARCTAS Science objectives (long list) required: - Measuring -- Aerosol chemical, physical & optical properties -- Aerosol radiative effects -- Arctic surface albedo & bidirectional reflectance Testing, interpreting, & extending satellite retrievals - Testing & refining chemical transport models (CTMs) Approach Fly a balanced suite of radiometric & in situ instruments on a single platform. This enabled: - All the above - Climate forcing assessment in terms of emissions and/or mitigation strategies

P-3B in ARCTAS: Payload Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS- 14) Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) Broad-Band Radiometers (BBR) LW SW HiGEAR Aerosols & O 3  OPC & DMA dry size dist, volatility  Tandem Volatility DMA  Neph scat + PSAP abs  Humidified Neph f(RH)  Ultrafine & CN  Time of Flight Mass Spec size resolved chemistry  SP2 black carbon mass AERO3XCloud Absorption Radiometer (CAR) P-3 Data System (PDS): Nav, Flight, Met (P, T, RH, …) REVEAL & RTMM  AOD  Ext  H 2 O vapor  Cavity Ringdown ext (2 )  Reciprocal Neph sca (2, RH )  Radiance, BRDF  Flux ↑, ↓ ( ), albedo( )  Flux ↑, ↓, albedo  Nenes CCN  PVM cloud drop r eff, vol  TECO O 3 COBALT: CO

AOD, 0Z,7/8 ARCTAS Spring P-3 Tracks, 31 Mar-10 Apr 2008 Fair- banks Wallops Moffett Yellowknife ThuleBarrow 8 flights (61 hrs)

AOD, 0Z,7/8 ARCTAS Summer P-3 Tracks, 24 Jun-12 Jul 2008 See Clarke et al. CARB flight poster Also Nenes talk and/or Lathem poster and/or Lathem poster Wallops Cold Lake LA SF 14 flights (87 hrs)

P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Spring Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 331 Mar Wallops- Yellowknife CO structure at several altitudes over & S of Great Lakes. Arctic haze aerosols, incl dust. 41 Apr Yellowknife- Fairbanks CO & aerosol plume as predicted by models. Spiral & legs under CALIPSO, OMI track. 56 Apr Fairbanks-Barrow- Fairbanks Spiral & legs under B-200 & CALIPSO, OMI. Square spiral & radiation legs. Albedo, BRDF at Elson Lagoon w AERONET. 68 Apr Fairbanks-ThuleDC-8 comparison in stairsteps. Spiral over Eureka under CALIPSO, OMI w AERONET. Albedo, BRDF.

Presentations showing P-3B ARCTAS results 2 Bierwirth et al., Spectral surface albedo and aerosol forcing during ARCTAS - Implications of surface heterogeneity and SSFR measurement uncertainty 2 Clarke et al., Combustion aerosol in the Arctic: models, size-resolved microphysics, chemistry, and relationships to CCN variability 2 Clarke et al., California Coastal Aerosol during ARCTAS-CARB: Ships, Wildfires and Background Air 2 Ferrare et al., HSRL measurements of smoke during ARCTAS 2 Gatebe et al., Simultaneous retrieval of aerosol and surface properties over snow 2 Howell et al., Arctic aerosol chemistry and spectral optical characteristics: mixtures of major ions with black, brown and organic carbon 2 Kahn et al.: ARCTAS Snow Albedo Experiment 2 Lathem et al.: Closure and growth kinetics of ARCTAS CCN measurements 1 EOS Aura 2008 Science Team meeting, Columbia, MD, Oct ARCTAS Science Team Meeting, Virginia Beach, Jan 2009 Cont’d 

2 Lyapustin et al.: Snow anisotropy from CAR: Analysis of LSRT, MRPV, and AART BRF models 2 Nenes et al., CCN measurements during ARCTAS 1 Livingston et al., Comparison of Airborne Sunphotometer and OMI Retrievals of Aerosol Optical Depth during MILAGRO/INTEX-B and ARCTAS 2 Podolske et al., CO measurements from the P3-B during ARCTAS 2 Redemann et al., Airborne sunphotometer (AATS-14) measurements in ARCTAS - first insights into their combined use with satellite observations to study Arctic aerosol radiative effects 2 Shinozuka et al., Aerosol optical properties measured from aircraft, satellites and the ground during ARCTAS summer - their relationship to aerosol chemistry and smoke type 1 EOS Aura 2008 Science Team meeting, Columbia, MD, Oct ARCTAS Science Team Meeting, Virginia Beach, Jan EOS Aura 2008 Science Team meeting; October 27-30, 2008; Columbia, MD 2 ARCTAS Science Team Meeting, Virginia Beach, Jan 2009 Presentations showing P-3B ARCTAS results (cont’d)

Example Science Results - 2 Spring Flights - 2 Summer Flights (See also other talks & posters) P-3B in ARCTAS

P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Spring (cont’d) Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 79 AprThule-FairbanksSquare spiral on CALIPSO, OMI track. BRDF & albedo, ice & cloud. AOD gradient & stack. CO & aerosol structure in predicted plume. 813 Apr Fairbanks-North- Fairbanks Cloud albedo & BRDF. In situ aerosol & CO in Asian transport episode to test models. 915 Apr Fairbanks-Barrow- Fairbanks Comparison & radiation stack w NOAA P-3 under B-200. Cascade impactor. Albedo, BRDF at Elson Lagoon with surface-based meas & AERONET. Zero ozone over open leads. 6 special albedo sites. Radiation leg on CALIPSO, OMI track Apr Fairbanks-Moffett over Pacific DC-8 comparison on CALIPSO, OMI track. Steps in DC-8 lidar curtain. Square spiral during CALIPSO, OMI OP. Aerosol gradients predicted by models.

AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #9, 15 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Comparison w NOAA WP-3D under B Radiation stack with NOAA WP-3D under B-200 (with sufficient AOD & no hi/mid clouds) 3.Cascade impactor sample during 1, 2 for Raman & SEM analysis 4.Radiation leg along CALIPSO track (before overpass) 5.Albedo & BRDF measurements at Elson Lagoon over surface-based albedo & snow collection measurements 6.Zero ozone over open leads N & W of Elson Lagoon (2x) 7.Overflights of special albedo sites F1, B3, G4(x2), B4, F4, L1 (with variety of cloud conditions) 8.Extra radiation legs along return to Fairbanks 1,2, Elson Lagoon Albedo sites CALIPSO track P-3 B-200 WP-3D Fairbanks

– “Silver Day” (Spring) Flux Divergence legs with NOAA P-3 Flux Divergence legs CALIPSO (under clouds) Terra and Aqua overpass Characterization of Elson Lagoon / Barrow, and other sites as specified by BU Mountain Site “L1” See Bierwirth Talk

Solar Spectral Flux Radiometers (SSFRs) on NASA & NOAA P-3s under B-200 Wing tip by wing tip comparison NOAA and NASA P-3 SSFR on three flight legs NASA P-3 below layer, NOAA P-3 above Wing by wing above layer Wing by wing in layer downward upward Flying over snow patches / tundra – this will be an excellent case to study surface albedo heterogeneity. See Bierwirth Talk Bierwirth, Schmidt, Pilewskie, Gore, … Irradiance [W m -2 nm -1 ] UTC [h]

AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #9, 15 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Comparison w NOAA WP-3D under B Radiation stack with NOAA WP-3D under B-200 (with sufficient AOD & no hi/mid clouds) 3.Cascade impactor sample during 1, 2 for Raman & SEM analysis 4.Radiation leg along CALIPSO track (before overpass) 5.Albedo & BRDF measurements at Elson Lagoon over surface-based albedo & snow collection measurements 6.Zero ozone over open leads N & W of Elson Lagoon (2x) 7.Overflights of special albedo sites F1, B3, G4(x2), B4, F4, L1 (with variety of cloud conditions) 8.Extra radiation legs along return to Fairbanks 1,2, Elson Lagoon Albedo sites CALIPSO track P-3 B-200 WP-3D

Barrow 15 April 22:30 UTC MISR Path 079 Orbit Blocks 32-38; Lat 71.3˚ Lon ; SZA 61.1˚ 4/15 23:00 UTC 4/15 23:52 UTC P-3 Flight Path Barrow AERONET Site Ground Measurements See Kahn Talk See Gatebe talk & Lyapustin poster re snow anisotropy retrieved from CAR measurements on P-3 at Elson Lagoon near Barrow Elson Lagoon Special Albedo Sites Zero ozone over open leads X2

Figure 1. Retrieved snow BRF at 0.47  m for Flight 2001a, and accuracy of Li Sparse – Ross Thick (LSRT) (  -  LSRT ), Modified Rahman-Pinty-Verstraete (MRPV) and function R 0 (RT solution of Milne’s problem with zero absorption and fractal scatters) of Approximate Analytical Radiative Transfer (AART) models. Snow reflectance exhibits a broad forward scattering peak and a small backscattering peak. The best fit LSRT model underestimates reflectance in the backscattering directions near principal plane, whereas MRPV model underestimates reflectance at forward scattering angles. The plane-parallel RT solution R 0 overestimates anisotropy of snow with error which is symmetric relative to cross-plane. Our current work shows that with averaging over slope distribution, this error will be largely reduced. Lyapustin et al. poster Snow BRF at Elson Lagoon, Barrow, AK, 6 Apr 2008 retrieved from CAR on P-3

Satellite-Based Barrow Region Surface Classification G – Coastal Plain sites; elevation ~10m B – Tundra with many lakes; elevation ~25m F – Dissected Plateau; elevation ~160m L – Mountainous; elevation ~1.5 km, very variable Schaff et al., BU Team See Kahn Talk

Barrow 15 April 22:30 UTC MISR Path 079 Orbit Blocks 32-38; Lat 71.3˚ Lon ; SZA 61.1˚ 4/15 23:00 UTC 4/15 23:52 UTC 4/16 01:00 UTC P-3 Flight Path Barrow AERONET Site Ground Measurements See Kahn Talk

P-3 Flight Path Barrow AERONET Site Ground Measurements 4/15 20:00 UTC 4/15 21:00 UTC 4/15 22:30 UTC 4/15 23:00 UTC 4/16 00:00 UTC 4/16 01:00 UTC 4/15 22:00 UTC Barrow 15 April 22:30 UTC MISR Path 079 Orbit Blocks 32-38; Lat 71.3˚ Lon ; SZA 61.1˚ See Kahn Talk

Surface albedo spectra from SSFR on NASA P-3 See Bierwirth Talk Bierwirth, Schmidt, Pilewskie, Gore, … G – Coastal Plain sites; elevation ~10m B – Tundra with many lakes; elevation ~25m F – Dissected Plateau; elevation ~160m L – Mountainous; elevation ~1.5 km, very variable Albedo Wavelength [nm] 15 Apr 2008

Coddington et al., JGR, 2008 Example from MILAGRO data (2006) MODIS/SSFR/Ground truth  Need to consider structure (variability) and correct for various error sources to connect satellite, aircraft, and ground truth. One possibility is to go through a statistical field generator (Venema, 2006) that can help connect scales. How to proceed with surface albedo? Error bars reflect variability within SSFR footprint See Bierwirth Talk

P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Spring Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 331 Mar Wallops- Yellowknife CO structure at several altitudes over & S of Great Lakes. Arctic haze aerosols, incl dust. 41 Apr Yellowknife- Fairbanks CO & aerosol plume as predicted by models. Spiral & legs under CALIPSO, OMI track. 56 Apr Fairbanks-Barrow- Fairbanks Spiral & legs under B-200 & CALIPSO, OMI. Square spiral & radiation legs. Albedo, BRDF at Elson Lagoon w AERONET. 68 Apr Fairbanks-ThuleDC-8 comparison in stairsteps. Spiral over Eureka lidar & AERONET under CALIPSO, OMI. Albedo, BRDF.

AOD, 0Z,7/8 P3 Data Flight #6, 8 Apr 2008 Accomplishments: 1.Sampled Asian & N American aerosol composition for model comparison 2.DC-8 comparison in stairsteps 3.Spiral over Eureka lidar & AERONET during CALIPSO overpass 4.Surface albedo & BRDF Thule Fairbanks Eureka P-3 DC-8 1 1

Aerosol Mass Spectrometer reveals different mix of aerosol chemistry for Asian and North American Pollution STEM model AOD - Carmichael Asian N. America P3b-DC8 Intercomp Eureka Calipso Spiral CAR BRDF Circles Antony Clarke Steve Howell Cam McNaughton Steffen Freitag P3b Fairbanks –Thule Flight6 4/8/08 Airmass chemistry-optics, DC-8 comparison, Calipso, BRDF surface- albedo and model validation Preliminary AMS data Nenes, Lathem re CCN Podolske re CO See Howell Talk

4/8 17:00 UTC 4/8 18:00 UTC 4/8 16:28 UTC 4/8 17:24 UTC PEARL CIMEL Ed Eloranta's AHSRL profiles (532 nm)  [m -1 sr -1 ] light cloud April 8, 2008 (500 nm) E. Eloranta N. O’Neill See Kahn Talk Pearl 08 April 20:41 UTC MISR Path 062 Orbit Block 22; Lat 80.05˚ Lon ; SZA 75.2˚ Pearl AERONET Site P-3 Flight Path Eureka

PRELIMINARY Profile over the PEARL lab AERONET site in Eureka Shinozuka, Redemann, Clarke, O’Neill, … See Shinozuka Talk

P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Summer (cont’d) Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 1730 Jun Cold Lake-NE-Cold Lake CALIPSO, OMI underflight w AOD & in situ. Black & white smoke. In situ & radiation under B-200. BRDF over smoke pall. Asian pollution w dust as predicted by models. 182 JulCold Lake-NE & E- Cold Lake Radiation work under B-200. Aerosol evolution in downwind transport. Pyrocumulus. 193 JulCold Lake-Ft. McMurray- Reindeer Lake- Cold Lake Ft McMurray AERONET spiral in regional biomass haze. MODIS-MISR-MOPITT spiral. B CALIPSO, OMI spiral. Radiation stack. Forest BRDF. Fresh smoke sampling + downwind evolution. Radiation-AOD-in situ ramp.

220 km PRELIMINARY ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #19, 3 Jul 2008 Characterized physics, chemistry and optics of local and long-distance plume in Terra MISR & MODIS footprints AATS- AOD profile HiGEAR- in situ scattering Typical P-3 maneuvers in ARCTAS

PRELIMINARY Analysis by Yohei Shinozuka ARCTAS P-3 Data Flight #19, 3 Jul way agreement of data to test satellite retrievals See Shinozuka Talk Shinozuka, Redemann, Clarke, McArthur, …

low absorption layer high absorption layer Bierwirth, Schmidt, Redemann, Livingston, … See Bierwirth Talk 499 nm Slope is aerosol radiative forcing efficiency Aerosol Radiative Forcing Efficiency by combining SSFR Irradiance with AATS Aerosol Optical Thickness 3 Jul 2008 Aerosol Optical Thickness Net Irradiance [W m -2 nm -1 ]

water vapor absorption aerosol absorption O2O2 O 2 -O 2 Bierwirth, Schmidt, Pilewskie, Gore, … See Bierwirth Talk Absorption Spectrum From SSFR divergence of net irradiance Absorbed Irradiance [W m -2 nm -1 ] Wavelength [nm] 3 Jul 2008

P-3 Science/Transit Flights in ARCTAS Summer (cont’d) Data Flt No. Date, 2008 TrackComments 206 JulCold Lake-Great Slave-Athabaska- Cold Lake Radiation profiles & legs under Terra. BRDF of blue & muddy water. Cloud edges under B Dense smoke spirals under B-200. Radiation stacks. CAR in cloud. PyroCu outflow. 217 JulCold Lake-British Columbia-Cold Lake Radiative forcing efficiency of Asian/Siberian plume. Aerosol effects on MODIS-Terra cloud sensing. Tests of model aerosol, CO, & O 3 predictions. Radiation stacks. CAR circles over AERONET. In situ-AATS-AERONET spiral. 229 JulCold Lake- Reindeer Lake- Athabaska-Cold Lake Spirals & radiation legs under Terra-MISR. Radiation legs + stacks in fire plumes under B CALIPSO, OMI, MODIS. Black & white smoke.

Turnaround Point NRL COAMPS PREDICTED SMOKE FROM ATHABASKA FIRES (courtesy Jeff Reid) GEOS5 - Weak Siberia biomass burning plume between 1-6 km in central Canada, Courtesy Mian Chin - Similar features in some other models. 18 Z 9 Jul 2008 P-3B B200 CALIPSO Track

9 July 2008: B200 and P-3B underfly the CALIPSO track sampling smoke plume from boreal fires in northern Saskatchewan. Turnaround Point P-3B B200 CALIPSO Track See Ferrare Talk

Extinction Smoke layer Optical Thickness HSRL/AATS-14 Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) Comparison Comparison of AOT derived from HSRL (B200) and derived from AATS-14 Airborne Sun Photometer (P-3B) while P-3B spiraled up below B200 (AATS14 data courtesy of Jens Redemann) Large variability in AOT associated with smoke plume Preliminary See Ferrare Talk

HSRL/In situ Aerosol Extinction Comparison Extinction Smoke layer Comparison of aerosol extinction derived from HSRL (B200) and in situ dry scattering (neph) + absorption (PSAP) measurements while P-3 spiraled up below B200 (in situ data courtesy of Tony Clarke) Preliminary See Ferrare Talk

HSRL/CALIPSO/AATS/In situ Aerosol Comparison Extinction Smoke layer Good agreement in and above the smoke! CALIPSO slightly lower Ferrare, Hostetler, Winker, Redemann, Clarke et al. Preliminary See Ferrare Talk

MODIS OMI CALIPSO

Comparison of AATS, OMI, and MODIS AOD spectra Preliminary J. Redemann, J. Livingston, Torres, Veihelmann, Veefkind See Redemann Talk

Comparison of AATS and MODIS AOD spectra Preliminary J. Redemann, J. Livingston See Redemann Talk

AOD, 0Z,7/8 ARCTAS P-3B Summary & Future 1.8 flights (61 hrs) in Spring, 14 flights (87 hrs) in Summer. Highly successful. 2.The rich data set links air, surface, & space measurements and addresses all P-3B goals - linking variations in atmospheric radiation to microphysics and chemistry of haze & smoke aerosols + Arctic surfaces. Needed for --reliable interpretations of satellite inversions --refining model products --assessing climate forcing in terms of emissions and/or mitigation strategies. 3. See other talks & posters 4.ARCTAS Special Sessions: AGU Fall 2009 Special thanks to the P-3B staff for excellent preparation, maintenance, & flying

AOD, 0Z,7/8 END OF PRESENTATION REMAINING SLIDES ARE BACKUP

P-3B in ARCTASApproach Use a common platform to link variations in atmospheric radiation to microphysics and chemistry of aerosol + Arctic surfaces Such linked measurements are needed for: - Reliable interpretations of satellite inversions - Refining model products - Refining model products - Climate forcing assessment in terms of emissions and/or mitigation strategies

Pearl 08 April 19:03 UTC MISR Path 046 Orbit Block 25; Lat 80.05˚ Lon ; SZA 73.0˚ 4/8 17:00 UTC 4/8 18:00 UTC 4/8 16:28 UTC 4/8 17:24 UTC Pearl 08 April 20:41 UTC MISR Path 062 Orbit Block 22; Lat 80.05˚ Lon ; SZA 75.2˚ 4/8 17:00 UTC 4/8 18:00 UTC 4/8 16:28 UTC 4/8 17:24 UTC Pearl AERONET Site P-3 Flight Path Eureka See Kahn Talk

4/8 17:00 UTC 4/8 18:00 UTC 4/8 16:28 UTC 4/8 17:24 UTC Pearl 08 April 20:41 UTC MISR Path 062 Orbit Block 22; Lat 80.05˚ Lon ; SZA 75.2˚ Eureka See Kahn Talk P-3 Flight Path

PEARL CIMEL Ed Eloranta's AHSRL profiles (532 nm)  [m -1 sr -1 ]  [%] light cloud April 8, 2008 Arctic haze skullduggery? (500 nm) E. Eloranta N. O’Neill