Objective: To examine the formation of the New Deal.

1932 – FDR is Elected Hoover was blamed for doing nothing about the Depression.Hoover was blamed for doing nothing about the Depression. Democrats nominated the governor of New York, FDR (cousin of Theodore Roosevelt)Democrats nominated the governor of New York, FDR (cousin of Theodore Roosevelt) Democrats won the majority in the House and SenateDemocrats won the majority in the House and Senate

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) won the 1932 Presidential election.

In his inauguration speech, FDR stated that, “ the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. ”inauguration “ the only thing we have to fear is fear itself. ” Inauguration of FDR, March 4, 1933

“Men are not prisoners of fate, but only prisoners of their own mind.” “A conservative is a man with two perfectly good legs who has never learned to walk.” “It is common sense to take a method and try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something.” FDR QUOTES

FDR gathered information from many university professors/ economic experts (Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, Adolph Berle Jr.) known as the Brain Trust.

Most diverse administration in US history: including blacks, Jews, Catholics, and women. Frances Perkins became 1st female Cabinet member as Secretary of Labor

The New Deal had three major goals: I. R elief for the unemployed II. plans for economic R ecovery III. R eforms to prevent another depression

The First 100 Days Wave of initial action of New Deal during FDR’s first 3 months in officeWave of initial action of New Deal during FDR’s first 3 months in office Deficit spendingDeficit spending 1 st problem: bank failure.1 st problem: bank failure.

Roosevelt declared a “ bank holiday ”, closing every bank in the nation for eight days. bank holiday

Congress then passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which only allowed banks to open if they had enough funds to pay their depositors. Emergency Banking Relief Act FDR signing the Emergency Banking Relief Act into law.

Fireside Chats FDR gave 30 radio speeches to the nation, which became known as fireside chats.fireside chats FDR ’ s first fireside chat on the bank crisis. (March 12, 1933)

FDR ’ s first fireside chat reassured people that banks were safe to use again. first fireside chat

Glass-Steagall Act Established the FDICEstablished the FDIC Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation –Provided insurance to individual bank accounts individual bank accounts initially $2,500 initially $2,500 (today $250,000) (today $250,000)

Federal Securities Act The SEC, Securities Exchange Commission was created to regulate the stock market.The SEC, Securities Exchange Commission was created to regulate the stock market. –Practices must be open to the public. to the public. –No insider trading.

21 st Amendment End of prohibition: increase revenue by legalizing some alcohol sales (sin taxes).End of prohibition: increase revenue by legalizing some alcohol sales (sin taxes). What are some ways sin taxes are used today to fund local, state, or federal finances?What are some ways sin taxes are used today to fund local, state, or federal finances?

Help is on the Way! The Agricultural Adjustment Act – farmers were paid to slow down production, which would raise prices.The Agricultural Adjustment Act – farmers were paid to slow down production, which would raise prices. The Civilian Conservation CorpsThe Civilian Conservation Corps –Built roads, parks, planted trees, and developed flood control.

And More… The Public Works Administration / National Industrial Recoveries ActThe Public Works Administration / National Industrial Recoveries Act –Built schools and government buildings –Built roads and bridges The National Recovery AdministrationThe National Recovery Administration –Set prices and minimum wages

FDR Faces Opposition Critics say his “Big Government” has gone too far…Critics say his “Big Government” has gone too far… Some like Huey Long & Father Coughlin say it hasn’t gone far enough.Some like Huey Long & Father Coughlin say it hasn’t gone far enough. The courts strike down NRA and AAA.The courts strike down NRA and AAA. He is accused of assuming legislative powers.He is accused of assuming legislative powers. FDR has an answer – let’s pack the Supreme CourtFDR has an answer – let’s pack the Supreme Court

Court Packing Plan FDR wanted to increase justices from 9 to 13FDR wanted to increase justices from 9 to 13 Congress said no (1 st time), but he ended up nominating 7 new judges over his terms in office.Congress said no (1 st time), but he ended up nominating 7 new judges over his terms in office.

Dorothea Lange The Photographer of the People

Eleanor Roosevelt The ‘conscience” of the New Deal. “The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.” “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”

2 nd New Deal 1936 – FDR was re-elected.1936 – FDR was re-elected. The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act – rewarded farmers for good farming practices.The Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act – rewarded farmers for good farming practices. A second draft of the AAA was passed.A second draft of the AAA was passed. The Resettlement Administration allocated over $1 billion in loans to small farmers.The Resettlement Administration allocated over $1 billion in loans to small farmers.

Works Progress Administration 1935 – 1943, $11 billion spent to create jobs.1935 – 1943, $11 billion spent to create jobs. –850 airports –651,000 miles of roads –125,000 public buildings

The Wagner Act & Fair Labor Standards Act National Labor Relations Act (Sponsored by Senator Robert Wagner) –S–S–S–Supported union rights –P–P–P–Prohibited firing of union members Fair Labor Standards Act –R–R–R–Reduced work week to 40 hours –M–M–M–Minimum wage – 25 cents (40 cents by 1945) –B–B–B–Banned hazardous work for minors

Social Security Act Old Age Insurance – employee paid half and employer paid half.Old Age Insurance – employee paid half and employer paid half. Unemployment Insurance – employees could draw from this if out of work.Unemployment Insurance – employees could draw from this if out of work. Aid to Families w/Dependent Children and the DisabledAid to Families w/Dependent Children and the Disabled

National Youth Administration Provided education, jobs, counseling, and recreation to young people.Provided education, jobs, counseling, and recreation to young people. –Issued part time jobs for students –Found work for drop-outs

And Still More… National Housing Act & The Federal Housing Commission –H–H–H–Home Owners Loan Corporation provided loans to homeowners in default The Federal Emergency Relief Administration –P–P–P–Provided funds for direct relief to poor / needy

The WPA “Dollar”

Artists of the WPA

Kansas City from Politics, Farming, & the Law Thomas Hart Benton, 1936 Kansas City from Politics, Farming, & the Law Thomas Hart Benton, 1936

The Annual Move by Otis Dozier, 1936

Construction of the Dam by William Gropper

Women of Flint, MI by Joseph Varak

The Cradle Will Rock, 1937 Orson Welles & John Houseman The theater, when it’s good, is always dangerous!

WPA Bookbinding

The American Guide Series

Former Slave Interviews