Pre-Class Activity 11/24/08 Watch the following video What does this have to do with the nervous system? Homework Phineas Gage Article (due tomorrow 11/25) Vocabulary – 1 st 9 terms (due Monday 12/1)

Brain Anatomy Cerebrum Cerebral Hemisphere

Lobes of the Brain perception and recognition of sound stimuli, memory, and speech visual processing movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Pre-Class Activity 11/25/08 Today’s Brain Challenge With a pen or pencil in each hand, try to draw a circle with one hand and a square with other at the same time. Homework Chapter 38 Vocab due Monday 12/1

Nervous System “Break Down” Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Brainstem

Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary) Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary)

The Autonomic Nervous System ParasympatheticSympathetic Gets the body ready for action Returns body to its normal state

Nervous System Comparison CentralSomaticAutonomic

Pre-Class Activity 12/1 For Every item that you put a check mark next to on your “Left Brain/Right Brain Quiz” record if it is left or right brain function and then tally up the “left” and “right” columns. Key 1. L 7. R 13. R19. R 25. L31. R 2. L 8. L 14. L20. R 26. L32. L 3. L 9. R 15. R21. L 27. R 4. R 10. L 16. L22. R 28. R 5. L 11. L 17. L23. R 29. L 6. R 12. R 18. R24. L 30. R Homework (Due Tuesday 12/2) The Split Brain Experiment Article

Spinal Reflexes

Pre-class Activity 12/2 Which parts of the nervous system are involved in spinal reflexes? A.The Central Nervous System B.The Peripheral Nervous System C.Both Explain. Homework (Due Wednesday 12/3) Active Reading Assignment “Structures of the Nervous System”

Homework 12/3 Study For tomorrow’s quiz on 1 st 9 vocab terms Complete “Structures of the Nervous System” puzzle for extra credit Turn in vocab sheet (with complete definitions and highlighted or underlined strategy words) along with puzzle right before taking the quiz tomorrow

Neuron Anatomy

Pre-class Activity 12/4 Which of the following is controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A. Chewing B. Reflexes C. Talking D. Walking Which nervous system, CNS or PNS, contains the autonomic nervous system? Homework (Due Monday) Remaining 7 vocabulary terms

Generating a Nerve Impulse – Resting Potential Because there are so many more positively charged particles on the outside of the cell membrane, a nerve cell is negatively charged on the inside of the membrane relative to the outside

Generating a Nerve Impulse – Action Potential Sodium channels open up and sodium enters the cell making the inside more positive. This occurs along the length of the neuron. Following the opening of the sodium channels, potassium channels will open up to restore balance (resting potential)

Action Potential in “Action”

Generating a Nerve Impulse - Threshold The action potential is a “all or none” response to a stimulus. A stimulus has to be of enough strength to cause an action potential to occur. The critical point at which a stimulus causes an action potential is called the threshold.

Pre-class Activity 12/9 In what direction does a nerve impulse travel? A.Axon to dendrite B.Dendrite to axon Homework Chapter 38 Test Monday

Communication Between Neurons Presynaptic Neuron Postsynaptic Neuron The electrical impulse cannot cross the synapse, but trigger chemicals to be released from the presynaptic neuron by exocytosis that can stimulate the postsynaptic neuron. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitter Action Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. In response, cells open ion channels. If sodium channels open, then an action potential (nerve impulse) is transmitted. If potassium channels open, then a nerve impulse is inhibited.

Neurotransmitter Removal Neurotransmitters are either reabsorbed (recycled) by the presynaptic neuron or broken down by chemicals. The action of neurotransmitters is short-lived so that neurons have time to “reset” themselves.

Sensory Systems Sensory Receptors detect all forms of energy such as: heat (thermoreceptors) light (photoreceptors pressure (mechanoreceptors) chemicals (chemoreceptors) There are also pain receptors

Vision Photoreceptors of the Eye (cells that convert light energy into electrical energy) – Rods – respond to dim light Cones – respond to bright light and specific colors These receptors are found in the retina Light sensitive inner layer of the eye

The Eye Axons of photoreceptor cells make up the optic nerve which sends signals to the brain for processing.

Hearing and Balance Two types of mechanoreceptors that respond to vibrations are responsible for our sense of hearing and balance Soundwaves 1)Stimulates ear drum2)Stimulates bones 3) Stimulates the cochlea 4) Generates electrical signals in the auditory nerve that are sent to the temporal lobe of the brain

Balance Hairs in the fluid filled semicircular canals sense the direction and strength of movement and send electrical signals to the cerebellum

Taste and Smell Chemoreceptors responsible for the senses of taste and smell respond to: Sugars (sweetness) Acids (sourness) Alkaloids (bitterness) Salts (saltiness) Proteins (savory)

Taste and Smell Continued Food Chemicals Taste Buds Dissolve in Saliva Brain Create Odor Olfactory ReceptorsBrain

Touch and Other Related Senses Somatosensations (Body) Pain Thermoreceptors (temperature) Mechanoreceptors (pressure and tension) Peripheral NS Central NS (thalamus) Motor functions Intellectual functions (frontal lobe) Somatosensory (parietal lobe) Visual (occipital lobe) Hearing (temporal lobe)