AMERICAN INDUSTRY EXPANDS

Large Labor Force

Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at what cost?

Causes of Rapid Industrialization 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  A magnet for financial investment.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries. 1.Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s. 2.The Railroad fueled the growing US economy:  First big business in the US.  A magnet for financial investment.  The key to opening the West.  Aided the development of other industries.

Causes of Rapid Industrialization 3.Technological innovations.  Bessemer and open hearth process  Refrigerated cars  Edison o “Wizard of Menlo Park” o light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures. 3.Technological innovations.  Bessemer and open hearth process  Refrigerated cars  Edison o “Wizard of Menlo Park” o light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.

4.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5.Abundant capital. 6.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7.Market growing as US population increased. 8.Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 9.Abundant natural resources. 4.Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. 5.Abundant capital. 6.New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. 7.Market growing as US population increased. 8.Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. 9.Abundant natural resources. Causes of Rapid Industrialization

The Light Bulb

The Phonograph (1877)

The Ediphone or Dictaphone

The Motion Picture Camera

Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)

Alternate Current George Westinghouse

Alternate Current Westinghouse Lamp ad

The Airplane Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903

Model T Automobile Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product! Henry Ford I want to pay my workers so that they can afford my product!

“Model T” Prices & Sales

U. S. Patents Granted 1790s  276 patents issued. 1990s  1,119,220 patents issued.

Technology Advancements Electrical power stations a.More factory jobs available for women and children b.Use of transformers to bring electricity into homes and offices c.Formation of General Electric and Westinghouse companies Lighting (light bulb) –Made it possible to work at night Photograph Typewriter/Telephone –more women found jobs as office clerks and switchboard operators Refrigeration Sewing machines

Result of Tech Advancing These technological changes made possible the industrial growth of the late 1800s Between 1870 and 1910 improvements in technology and worker productivity increased The building of the Brooklyn bridge became a symbol of American ingenuity

TRANSPORTATION At the end of the civil war steamships provided most of the nations transportation This was soon replaced by the railroads 1869 R.R. Tracks connect east to west –1st transcontinental R.R. Lowered shipping costs for businesses

Big Business Practices Vertical Consolidation –controlling all phases of the business a.Carnegie Steel is an example Factories had harsh working conditions –an ample or great supply of available workers Yellow Dog Contracts –Workers are prevented from joining a union

Big Business Cont Social Darwinism –Survival of the fittest in businesses –Used by big business to destroy its competitors Gospel of Wealth –Carnegie wealthy should give gifts to benefit the masses Americans felt BB could not be trusted Interstate Commerce Commission –Businesses were subject to gov’t control Income gap Develops –Concentration of wealth in the hands of the few

Labor Reacts to Big Business Form Unions –increased interest in the labor movement reflected a growing discontent among workers –American Federation of Labor a group of small unions, each devoted to a single craft Leader - Samuel Gompers –Established collective bargaining to empower workers

Labor Reacts to Big Business Violent Strikes –forced government to be involved in business-labor relations –Pullman Strike Debs arrested for disobeying a federal injunction

Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most Americans, but at what cost?