Intro Peloponnesian War weakened several Greek city-states Rapid decline in military and economic power

Philip and Macedonia Macedonia -> cold place just North of Greece People lived in mountain villages Greeks looked at Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great philosophers, sculptors, or writers Philip -> Macedonia king who dreamed of taking control of Greece and Persia

Philip’s Army 23 when he became king Brilliant general and ruthless politician Peasants turned into well-trained army 16 X 16 phalanxes that paved way for calvary

Conquest of Greece Athenian orator Demosthenes warned Greeks of threat of Philip and his army Athens and Thebes joined an alliance against Philip Greeks defeat at battle of Chaeronea Ended Greek freedom and independence Philip killed at a wedding Alexander the Great becomes king of Macedonia

Alexander Defeats Persia 20 years old when he became king Learned science, geography, and literature from Aristotle Enjoyed Homer’s Iliad and hearing about Achilles heroic deeds in Troy Thebes tries to rebel Alexander burns city, kills 6,000 people, ends any thought of rebellion

Invasion of Persia Greece secure -> time to invade Persia Persian messengers try to warn the empire Two forces met at Granicus River Alexander makes 1 st move and destroys Persian defenses Darius III -> king of Persia Raises huge army of 50,000 – 75,000 soldiers Alexander breaks through defenses and heads straight for Darius

Growing Ambitions Darius tries to negotiate peace treaty Offered Alexander Western 1/3 of empire Rejected offer and confidently announced plan to conquer entire empire Marched into Egypt Named Pharaoh

Conquering Persian Empire Alexander moves into Mesopotamia to meet Darius Persians assembled 250,000 solider army Battle at Gaugamela Persian lines weaken Darius flees again Macedonian army now moves into richest provinces Distributed treasures among the army

Alexander’s Other Conquests More interested in expanding empire instead of governing it Crossed into Indus valley Encouraged to turn around by his army Alexander dies at 33 from fever Antigonus takes control of empire Ptolemy becomes pharaoh of Egypt