Richard E. Caplan The University of Akron 5. Recordings Christopher Burnett California State, Long Beach

Talking Machine to 33.3 RPM Records Thomas Edison – Phonograph, 1877 Emile Berliner –Gramophone, 1887 –RCA Victor Joseph Maxfield –Better sound, 1925 Jukeboxes, rpm standard, ‘40s –Single song per side, 3 min. long –“Album” a boxed set of ten records Thomas Edison Chicago Historical Society

Long-Playing Records Peter Goldmark, 1947 –Brahms’ 2nd Piano Concerto –LP (long-playing) 23 min. Format battle –CBS’s William Paley, large LPs, 33 1 / 3 rpm –RCA’s David Sarnoff, 45 rpm, 7 in. –Both required new players –Compromise: players that could play all three formats Imageafter.com

Sound Wave Stereo, 1956 –Rock ‘n’ Roll High Fidelity (HiFi), 1958 –Recording to plastic tape “Multiplex” radio –Mono and stereo together Transistors, 1960s –Marketable tape players –4-track and 8-track –Cassettes Sony Walkman, 1979 CDs, 2000 and iTunes, 2003 –CDRW, music downloading

Working in the Recording Industry Artists and Repertoire –A&R, develops talent Operations –Recording and Producing Marketing and Promotion –Sales, design, tours, etc. Distribution –Getting to retail Administration –Accounting and legal Concerts –Showcase high tech innovation Ray Tamarra/Getty Images Mary J. Blige

The Recording Business 5000 companies –1 billion recordings a year LA, NY and Nashville Concentrated in large corporations Reliance on blockbuster hits Billboard magazineBillboard –Started in 1913 –Top-sellers, 1940 –Now two dozen charts Role of radio Paul Hawthorn/Getty Images

Sales and Licensing Direct Sales –Promotional Tours –Music Videos (80s) Music Licensing –ASCAP, 1914ASCAP American Society of Composers, Authors & Publishers Enforced royalty payments from radio Blanket licensing fee –BMI, 1939BMI Broadcast Music, Inc. Licensing group preferred by radio –Radio plays only licensed music Scott Gries/Getty Images Kenny Chesney

Types of music people buy Illustration 5.1

Recording’s Big Four Illustration 5.2

Protecting Content PMRC, 1985 –Parents Music Resource Center –Wives of politicians –Called for warning labels on explicit content RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America)RIAA –Member companies control 95% of recorded music –Agreed to labels, Live Crew, 1990 Lensfusion/morguefile.com

Who pays for music? Illustration 5.3

Pirated Music Illegal overseas copying and sales –As much as 18% of all sales –$1 billion in lost income Internet file sharing –MP3 files, iTunes music –RIAA vs. Napster, 1999Napster RIAA fights back –Sued 261 file sharers, 2003 Supreme Court ruling –MGM vs. Grokster, 2005 –Ruled file sharers could be sued for copyright violation Click on image to play video ABC News

Technology and the Future Digitized music –Easily transferable –Easily available Technology helps and hurts the recording industry Persistence of file-sharing Policing the Internet? Implications for structure of the industry? Freerangestock.com

Critical Discussion 1.Is file sharing right or wrong? Why or why not? 2.Will digitized music spell the end of the major record labels?