McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. C H A P T E R Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition 4 Decision Support and Artificial Intelligence

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Knowledge Workers Checklist must understand: categories of decisions & the process of decision making types of decision support systems & their roles types of artificial intelligence systems & uses how to the choose the appropriate IT system

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Types –structured vs. unstructured –recurring vs. ad hoc Decision making steps –intelligence –design –choice –implementation find what to fix Decisions find fixes pick a fix apply the fix

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition a computerized system to help you make decisions components –data management –model management –user interface management Decision Support Systems (DSS)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition used in team problem solving components –special groupware –DSS capabilities –telecommunications Group Decision Support System (GDSS)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition GDSS Decision Process brainstorming issue categorization and analysis ranking and voting

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Meeting Types synchronous –same room –same city –same planet asynchronous –same city –same planet

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition a DSS for spatial (map) information applications such as: –targeting customers by area –planning routes of a truck fleet –planning marketing campaigns Geographic Information Systems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Artificial Intelligence - AI machines imitating human thinking and behavior types –expert systems –neural networks –genetic algorithms –intelligent agents

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Expert System applies reasoning to reach a conclusion

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for auditing diagnosing engine problems production problems lithographic printing

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Components of Expert Systems information people IT components

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Information Types domain expertise – how to solve the problem why? Information – answers users questions problem facts – particulars about current problem

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition People domain expert –person who knows how to solve problem knowledge engineer –IT specialist knowledge worker or user

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition knowledge base knowledge acquisition component inference engine user interface explanation module IT Components

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Neural Network learns to differentiate patterns on its own

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for finding fraud in credit card use reading handwriting finding anomalies in human tissue

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Training a Neural Network show the neural network lots of examples tell it which category each belongs to with practice, the neural network can distinguish categories by itself

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Genetic Algorithm uses the evolutionary, survival-of-the fittest process to find the best solutions

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Good for finding cheapest route for laying cable finding best stock portfolio combinations

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Genetic Algorithm Concepts selection –give preference to better outcomes crossover –combine portions of good outcomes mutation –randomly try combinations

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Intelligent Agent performs repetitive tasks on a computer or network

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Types find-and-retrieve agents –buyer agent or shopping bot user agents –check monitoring and surveillance agents –monitor network for likely problems data-mining agents –data warehouses

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Haag Cummings McCubbrey Third Edition Summary decisions come in several types decision making consists of intelligence, design, choice and implementation Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computerized systems that can help people make decisions a Group DSS can be used to make meetings more efficient and effective Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a type of DSS that handles spatial information Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make machines think and or behave like humans AI types - expert systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, intelligent agents