Long Term Memory: Remembering and Forgetting. Overview Explicit and Implicit Memory Forgetting –Decay, Interference, Retrieval Induced and Directed Forgetting.

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Long Term Memory: Remembering and Forgetting

Overview Explicit and Implicit Memory Forgetting –Decay, Interference, Retrieval Induced and Directed Forgetting Memory Distortion and False Memories Eyewitness Memory

Types of Memory Explicit (Declarative) –Semantic –Episodic (including Autobiographical) Implicit (Nondeclarative) –Procedural –Priming –Conditioning Habituation and Sensitization

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory: Amnesia Cases MT (Schacter, 1983) HM – loss of temporal lobes due to epilepsy Clive Wearing

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory: Prejudice Prejudice seems to have declined in the last 50 years People are less likely to indicate they hold prejudices when asked in surveys Implicit Association Test

Decay Theory Began with Ebbinghaus (1885) Over time, unused memories weaken and fade away Controversial –Implies only passage of time –Perhaps correct cues have not been rediscovered

Interference Theory Memories interfere with each other –Proactive and Retroactive Interference Reasons for Interference –Response competition –Unlearning

Retrieval Induced Forgetting Remembering some aspects of an event can impair retrieval for other aspects of an event Anderson, Bjork, and Bjork (1994) Shaw, Bjork, and Handal (1995)

Directed Forgetting Voluntary and purposeful forgetting of information Sahakyan & Delaney, lists and the cost/benefit analysis Joslyn and Oakes, diary study

Memory Distortion: Bias Hastorf and Cantril (1954): They Saw a Game

False Memories Lost in a Mall (Pickrell and Loftus, 1995) Imagination Inflation- –Garry, Manning, Loftus, and Sherman (1996) –Thomas and Loftus (2002)

False Memories Source misattribution Advertising

The Impact of Eyewitnesses Center for Wrongful Conviction study of 86 legally exonerated people found: –53.5%: Eyewitness testimony played a role –38.4%: Eyewitness was only evidence –In 32 cases, only 1 eyewitness Mock Jury study Eyewitness confidence is related to juror conviction

Event Factors Exposure time Detail Salience Types of Facts –Duration, Speed, Distance

Witness Factors Stress and memory –Weapon focus Expectations –Biases –Cultural beliefs

The Misinformation Effect Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978) Leading/Suggestive questioning Social contagion effects Lineups and Mugshots

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