Language
Memory
Forgetting
Problem Solving
Memory II
Anything Goes!
$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 Language Memory Forgetting Problem Solving Memory II Anything Goes!
Smallest unit of sound with meaning
Morpheme
Describe the babbling stage
Begins around 4 months; Infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language; Not an imitation of adult speech
Contrast the views of B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomsky in regards to language acquisition
Skinner: Language is learned through operant conditioning principles Chomsky: We are born with the ability to produce language (language acquisition device)
What are semantics (in regards to language use)?
The set of rules we use to derive meaning from morphemes and words
What is overgeneralization of grammar?
When children incorrectly apply grammar rules; “We goed to the store”
What is effortful processing?
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
What is the spacing effect?
Distributed practice gives better results than massed practice
Momentary sensory memory of visual information
Iconic memory
The capacity of short- term memory (working memory)
Limited; magic number plus or minus 2
What are semantic memories and where are they processed in the brain?
Facts about concepts not linked to a particular time in your life; Hippocampus
What is encoding failure?
If we don’t pay attention in the first place, we won’t encode it! (Penny!)
According to Freud, we do this to painful memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety
Repress
What is retroactive interference?
You cannot remember an old memory because new information is blocking it
What is anterograde amnesia?
Cannot recall events that happen after the onset of the amnesia
Thinking in which you narrow in on one or two options
Convergent thinking
The inability to think of different uses for objects
Functional Fixedness
What is framing?
The way and issue is worded or presented (95% lean or 5% fat?)
Clinging to one’s initial beliefs even after new information discredits the basis on which they were formed
Belief perseverance
What is the representativeness heuristic?
A mental short cut in which a situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model
What is the loci method?
Mnemonic device in which a person associates things to be memorized with places
What is the three stage processing model for memory?
Sensory memory/registers
What level of processing is most effective?
Sematic (over visual or acoustic)
What are procedural memories and where are they processed in the brain?
Memories for motor skills and habits; Type of implicit or nondeclarative memory; processed in the cerebellum
What are episodic memories and where are they processed?
Personally experienced events; Explicit (declarative memory); Processed in the hippocampus
Elements of Pavlov’s experiment
US: FoodCS: Bell UR: Salivating CR: Salivating
A problem solving method in which a solution is guaranteed
Algorithm
Speech characterized by two or three words
Telegraphic speech
What is context congruent memory?
Enhanced ability to recall information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Proposed by Benjamin Whorf; Says that our language affects our thinking
What is long term potentiation?
The neural basis for memory; Increase in efficiency of neural transmission