NORM: Radiation Surveys (an Attempt for Source Inventory) Gert Jonkers Engineering & Analytical - GSEA/4 “ Problem Solving ” (Shell E&P Ionising Radiation/NORM HSE Expert CHP) location Shell Research & Technology Centre, Amsterdam P.O NL-1030 BN Amsterdam the Netherlands

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam Rn 218 Po +  234m Pa 234 Pa +  h emission of mono-energetic, fast (MeV) He nuclei emission of poly-energetic, fast (keV MeV) electrons emission of mono-energetic, penetrative (keV MeV) photons 214 Pb 214 Bi +  MODES OF (NATURAL) DECAY

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 3 RADIATION PENETRATION CHARACTERISTICS

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 4 NOR  -yields

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 5  -RADIATION SURVEY OF OPERATING INSTALLATIONS (objective: potential presence of NORM [maintenance], workforce dose assessment) External detection of NORM present on the inside of installations using  dose-rate monitors (  Sv/h) activity concentration (Bq/g), 228 Ra, 228 Ra and/or 228 Th equilibrium with their progeny, total amount and NORM spatial distribution, elemental composition and specific density of NORM deposit, elemental composition and wall thickness of the installation part, presence of other radiation attenuating material, total distance of NORM-source to monitor, detector sensitivity & field of view, ‘natural radiation’ background readings.

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 6 MEASUREMENTPROTOCOL Equipment dose rate monitor: Victoreen 190 / RP#1 (> 10 nSv/h, E  > 15 keV) calibrated August 2003 Measurement Procedure Surface Dose Rate: taken as close as possible to surface (2 <> 5 cm) ‘Ambient’ Dose Rate: taken at ~ 1 m height (used for HS assessment) Protocol  take 12 readings  remove maximum and minimum value of this series  compute average and standard deviation (  ) of the 10 remnant readings  check if maximum and minimum values are outliers with respect to the 95% (2  ) confidence interval – one occasional outlier is acceptable  quote averaged dose rate (if series of readings is acceptable)

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 7 Identify product/waste streams in the flow diagrams of the installations (records with time?) ; Identify all spots where, under normal plant operating conditions, deposits might have been formed c.q. Accumulated (  T,  P, changes mixing/flow/phasetreatment) ; Check wall thickness of the spots under review (interprete) ; Check for the presence of other attenuating materials at these spots (insulation material) ; Estimate the distance of the (potential) NORM deposit to the monitoring device (take surface and ambient dose rate readings) ; Select suitable radiation monitor (other hazards, confounders) ; Take background readings of this monitor at the location of the installation (not at concrete strcutures) ; Measure, both at the surface and at 1 m away/height to the installation parts, the external radiation level. Take notes of the monitor readings and mark, for future reference, the monitoring spots on the isometrics of the installation; Decide on the presence of enhanced radiation levels; Report on the findings from the current survey. MEASUREMENT STRATEGY OUTPUT Maintenance attention Workforce dose

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 8 FUEL GAS GAS SCRUBBER 1 ST STAGE SEPARATOR GAS SCRUBBER FLARE FLARE K.O. DRUM PRODUCTION TUBING OVERBOARD PUMP WATER FLOOD INJECTION SEA WATER BOOSTER PUMP DE- AERATOR SKIMMED OIL PUMP FLOTATION CELL METERING PACKAGE EXPORT LINE DEHYDRATOR 2 ND STAGE SEPARATOR OIL SHIPPING PUMP S.W.SERVICES COOLERS ETC. SEA WATER PUMP WELLHEADS PRODUCTION MANIFOLD EXPLOIT a priori E&P NORM KNOWLEDGE

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 9 Reported External Radiation Levels at the Circumference (internally) of Oil/Gas Production Facilities

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 10  -CONTAMINATION MONITORING (objective: potential presence of NORM [maintenance], pre-classifaction) Detection of NORM present on the inside of installation parts using  /  -monitoring devices (c/s) activity surface contamination (Bq/cm 2 ), 228 Ra, 210 Pb, 228 Ra and/or 228 Th equilibrium with their progeny, remnant oily films, roughness of the surface, (grab) sampling ‘natural radiation’ background readings.

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 11 NORM SURVEY- maintenance Inside External Radiation Monitoring External  (  )-Radiation Monitor (ex- proof, surface/assesment)  Contamination Monitor (sensitive > maintenance) Sampling – Suspect Deposits Where appropriate (recording of [selected, grab, representative] sample and sampling data & characteristics)

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 12 Grab Sampling & Infield Measurements

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 13 “OPERATIONS” NORM (external/conta mination) radiation survey dose readings > 0.5  Sv/hNORM contaminated orcontamination readings > 50 c/s above bg signpost areas 0.1  Sv/h < dose readings < 0.5  Sv/hNORM suspect Or 5 c/s above bg < contamination readings < 50 c/s above bg dose readings < 0.1  Sv/h no NORM restrictions and contamination readings < 5 c/s above bg SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO PROTECTION AGAINST “NORM” “MAINTENANCE” NORM (external/contamination) readings ad hoc NORM contaminated: take external and contamination readings for open tanks/vessels, working hours, asses dose, Waste Storage NORM suspect: take external and contamination readings for open tanks/vessels, record working times, take ‘representative’ sample Analyse for final classification of waste: normal / NORM

E&P NORM Workshop Muscat, February 21-24, 2005 tel G. Jonkers, GSEA/4 at SRTCA P.O. Box 38000, 1030 BN Amsterdam 14 NORM RADIATION SURVEYS OPERATIONS surface dose rates (  Sv/h) > enhanced with respect to natural background than 226 Ra and/or 228 Ra-containing NORM (or enhanced 222 Rn-concentrations in tank gascap) (contamination monitor [c/s] may show enhanced readings more sensitively) ambient dose rates (  Sv/h) >  -dose component (records) MAINTENANCE ambient dose rates (  Sv/h) >  -dose component > record sample dose rate (  Sv/h) and sample contamination (c/s) > record send in NORM-suspect samples for measurement and analysis (record, evaluate, corrective actions) > final classifcation against legislation