Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception

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Presentation transcript:

Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception Attention and awareness Erik Chevrier September 29th, 2015

Videos Attention, Distraction and the War in our Brain Test Your Awareness Awareness Test

Information Processing Model Awareness Attention Selective Attention Cocktail Problem

How Attention Works – General Overlook Attention is selective An ‘attentional spotlight’ guides our attentional resources towards fixation points We are more aware of stimuli that we are cued to pay attention to (attentional cuing) Attention is derived from top-down and bottom-up processes We perform visual searches by attending to key features (feature vs conjunction searches) We sometimes discriminate visual stimuli that we are not aware of (blindsight) We understand the general gist of an event/situation very rapidly We are attracted to pay attention to things that stand out We have limits to our awareness We are not aware of unattended stimuli (inattentional bias) We fail to quickly detect small changes in complex scenes (change blindness) There is a limit to the amount of things we can attend to at once (filter theory of attention) Task switching and multitasking impairs our cognitive abilities

Selective Attention and the Limits of Awareness Cocktail Party Inattentional Blindness Change Blindness Gist awareness – Details need attention

An Example of Change Blindness Spot the Difference

Spot the Difference

Spot the Difference

Attention to Locations Filter theory of attention Sensory information is registered as physical signals but that attention selects only some of those signals to be interpreted for meaning, with the rest being filtered out. Attentional Cuing Spotlight Attention affects the rate of firing of V4 neurons

Visual Pathways - Basics

Visual Pathways – V4 Neuron

People Rely on Visual Cues for Attention

Neural Reponses to Attentional Cuing

Attention, Vision and Brain Activity

Feature Detection Find the Green #5

Feature Detection

Feature Detection Find the Red #5

Feature Detection

Conjunction Search Find the Green #5

Conjunction Search

Conjunction Search Find Waldo!

Types of Features

Types of Features

Visual Pathways - Basics

Motion Centers and Feature Detection

Attention to Features & Selective Attention Binding Problem The problem faced by the visual system of perceiving which visual features belong to the same object Feature Integration Theory (FIT) The brain solves the binding problem by selectively attending to one object and ignoring any others Biased Competition Theory The brain resolves competition for neural representation by selectively attending to one object and representing the features of just that object

Biased Competition Theory The brain resolves competition for neural representation by selectively attending to one object and representing the features of just that object

Top-Down vs Bottom-Up

Sources of Attentional Control in the Brain Unilateral Visual Neglect A condition in which a person has difficulty attending to stimuli in one half of the visual field (almost always the left half), as a result of damage to the contralateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Patients are not blind on the left suggesting that it is attention and not vision responsible for the problem

PCC Neurons Moreover! fMRI evidence for FEF and PPC in attentional control

Awareness and Neural Correlates of Consciousness The difference between neural activity and conscious awareness Third vs First Person Data Perceptual Bistability

Seeking NCC in Perceptual Bistability Binocular Rivalry Fusiform Face Area FFA – Faces Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) – Houses

Task Switching

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation - Slowed

Attention and Magic

Perception of the World Via Media

Advertising and Attention Compare and contrast ads! Dove Evolution http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hibyAJOSW8U Axe Body Spray http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DpoavYXMK4&feature=related

Questions?