Homonuclear & Heteronuclear bonds Homonuclear bondsHetronuclear bonds Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )

Polar bonds

Salt crystals are repeating patterns of positive + cations and negative - anions held together by electrostatic attraction. IONIC COMPOUNDS

COVALENT COMPOUNDS Biological molecules are covalently bound Most consist of the non-metals Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

SO….. Ionic and covalent bonds are very different, but how do we predict if a bond will be ionic or covalent?

electronegativity The ELECTRONEGATIVITY of an element helps us understand the difference between ionic and covalent bonding Electronegativity is the measure of the ability of an atom in a bond to attract electrons.

With only a few exceptions, electronegativity values increase as you move from left to right in any period of the periodic table. Within any group, electronegativity values decrease as you go down the group.

That means that the most electronegative elements are in the upper-right corner of the table.

Every element has an electronegativity value Francium has the lowest electronegativity 0.7 Fluorine has the highest 4.0

Elements with a HIGH electronegativity have a STRONG pull on electrons. Elements with a LOW electronegativity have a WEAK pull on electrons.

difference in electronegativity When two atoms bond their DIFFERENCE in electronegativity determines the bond type. A large difference in electronegativity means one atom will win the “tug of war” and take the electrons completely. This is an ionic bond.

When the electronegativity of two bonding atoms is very similar, neither atom wins the “tug of war” and the electrons are shared equally. This produces a covalent bond

In a true covalent bond electrons are shared equally

IONIC COVALENT Transfer electrons Share electrons Between an atom of high electronegativity and an atom of low electronegativity Between two atoms of equal or very close electronegativities NaCl N 2

If the electronegativity difference between two bonded atoms is very high the bond is ionic. If the electronegativity difference is very low the bond is covalent. What if the difference in electronegativity between the two bonded atoms is in-between?

A POLAR COVALENT BOND occurs when two atoms share electrons unequally. The atom with a high electronegativity value holds the bonding electrons more often, but it doesn’t remove the electrons completely.

Are the bonds polar covalent, non-polar covalent, or ionic? 1) H-C 2) K-Cl 3) O-F 4) Cl-Cl 5) C-N 6) S-O 7) B-S

A polar bond has a partial positive charge (  + ) and a partial negative charge (  - )

If the electrons are not distributed equally, the molecule is said to be polar. The molecule has a negative end and a positive end.

Polar molecules are affected by electric fields

POLAR MOLECULES INTERACT!! A partial positive charge (  + ) is attracted to negative ions and negative partial charges (  - ) of other polar bonds.

A partial negative charge (  - ) is attracted to positive ions and partial positive charges (  + ) of other polar bonds. POLAR MOLECULES INTERACT!! +

Water is a molecule that consists of two polar covalent O-H bonds.

Na + (aq) A dissolved sodium ion