The Skeletal System By: Daniel M., Aidan, Kelvin, Adi, Clare

Skull Bones in the head area include the frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, zygomatic bone, lachrymal bone, and the mandible bone. The skull is the bone structure that forms the head in a human skeleton. The two parts, of different origin, of the skull are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium. The bones in the ear are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Except the mandible, all of the bones in the skull are joined together. The skull protects the brain.

Arms and Hands The clavicle is also known as the collarbone. The scapula is also known as the shoulder. The humerus is the bone of the upper arm, or forelimb. The ulna is the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm. The radius is the larger of the two bones in the forearm. Metacarpals are any of the five bones in the hand. Phalanges are the bones of your fingers.

Ribs and Spine The human rib cage is also known as the thoracic cage and is constructed of cartilage and bone which surrounds the chest cavity like a cage. It provides support for the shoulder and is the core section of the human skeleton. There are 24 rib bones in the human body. The cervical vertebrae is an individual bone which is responsible for encasing and protecting the spinal cord from damage. It runs from the base of the skull to the pelvis. The manubrium is the broad, upper section of the sternum. The body of sternum is another part of the sternum, the main part. It is also known as the gladiolus and is significantly longer, thinner, and a lot narrower than the manubrium and gains the most of its breadth closer to the lower end. Then we have the costal cartilages which are essentially bars of cartilage which exists to enhance the ribs in a forward projection and contribute to the wale of the thorax's elasticity. After that we have the Xiphiod process which is a small extension made of cartilage which goes to the lower section of the sternum.

Pelvis, Feet, and Legs The pelvis is the large, bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached in humans and many other vertebrates. The femur is the bone in the thigh or upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee. The patella is also known as the kneecap and rests upon the femur and the tibia. The tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur. It is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula. Phalanges are the bones of the fingers and toes. There are generally three phalanges: distal, middle, and proximal. The tarsals are the bones in the foot that connects the metatarsals and the tibia. The metatarsals are the bones that connects the tarsals and the phalanges.

Bone Cancer There are many types of bone cancer, but they all link to the same prefix, osteoid. The most common symptom of bone cancer is pain which will gradually increase over time. Other symptoms include fatigue, fever, weight loss, and anemia.

Non-Displaced and Displaced Fracture There are many types of fractures also. Displaced, non- displaced, open, and closed are the main ones. In a displaced fracture, the bone snaps in two or more parts and is not aligned straight. In a non-displaced fracture the bone cracks either part or all the way through.

Open and Closed Fracture In a closed fracture the bone snaps but there is no wound or puncture in the skin. In an open fracture the bone snaps and there is an open wound or puncture in the skin.

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a disease where your bones become weak, because of bending over or putting pressure, and even coughing can cause you to fracture your back. Also, osteoporosis can occur in your hip, wrist, or spine.

Bone Spur Osteophyte, or bone spurs, is the change in bone formation due to aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease. This naturally forms in the spine and can be treated with surgery or drugs. Osteophyte has been reported on dinosaurs.

Rickets Rickets is a disease that softens and weakens the bones in young children. It is caused by a low intake of Vitamin D. Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need some correction surgery.

Questions!!! What are the two main areas of the skull? What prefix is linked to all types of bone cancer? What is the patella most commonly known as?