שִׁמְרוּ Qal Imperative 2MP שָׁמַר “he kept” “(you) keep”

הַשְׁלֵכְנָה Hifil Imperative 2FP [שׁלךְ] “he threw” “(you) throw”

לַמֵּדִי Piel Imperative 2FS לָמַד “he learned” “(you) teach”

הִשָּׁבְעוּ Nifal Imperative 2MP [שׁבע] “he swore” “(you) swear”

הִתְפַּלֵּל Hitpael Imperative 2MS [פּלל] “he prayed” “(you) pray”

Infinitives

 Two types:  Infinitive Construct  Infinitive Absolute

Infinitives  They are “infinite” in that they express the basic idea of the verb root but without:  Person  Number  Gender  Perfects, Imperfects, and Imperatives are limited to a specific person, number, and gender, so they are “finite verbs”

Infinitive Construct  Identical to the Imperative 2MS

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Qal Imperative מְשֹׁל Qal Infinitive Construct מְשֹׁל

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Nifal Imperative הִמָּשֵׁל Nifal Infinitive Construct הִמָּשֵׁל

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Piel Imperative מַשֵּׁל Piel Infinitive Construct מַשֵּׁל

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Pual Imperative Pual Infinitive Construct (מֻשַּׁל)

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Hitpael Imperative הִתְמַשֵּׁל Hitpael Infinitive Construct הִתְמַשֵּׁל

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Hofal Imperative Hofal Infinitive Construct (הָמְשַׁל)

Hifil Infinitive Construct  The sole exception  The Hifil Infinitive Construct has a ִי theme vowel rather than a ֵ in the 2MS Imperative

Infinitive Construct: מָשַׁל “he ruled” Hifil Imperative הַמְשֵׁל Hifil Infinitive Construct הַמְשִׁיל

Using the Infinitive Construct 1.May be used without prefixes or suffixes הִנֵּה לֹא־יָדַעְתִּי דַּבֵּר “Behold”

Using the Infinitive Construct 1.May be used without prefixes or suffixes הִנֵּה לֹא־יָדַעְתִּי דַּבֵּר Negation: “not” Qal Perfect 1CS יָדַע “he knew” “I do not know”

Using the Infinitive Construct 1.May be used without prefixes or suffixes הִנֵּה לֹא־יָדַעְתִּי דַּבֵּר “Behold, I do no know”

Using the Infinitive Construct 1.May be used without prefixes or suffixes הִנֵּה לֹא־יָדַעְתִּי דַּבֵּר Piel Infinitive Construct דּבר “he spoke” “to speak”

Using the Infinitive Construct 1.May be used without prefixes or suffixes הִנֵּה לֹא־יָדַעְתִּי דַּבֵּר “Behold, I do no know (how) to speak”

Using the Infinitive Construct 2.Often follows a preposition or prepositional prefix

Using the Infinitive Construct a)בְּ preposition prefixed to an infinitive construct often is translated as a temporal clause i.When the action took place

Using the Infinitive Construct a)בְּ preposition prefixed to an infinitive construct often is translated as a causal clause i.Why the action took place

Infinitive Construct with a בְּ preposition בִּהְיוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּירִיהוּ בְּ Preposition Qal Infinitive Construct הָיָה “he was, became” “while (he) was”

Infinitive Construct with a בְּ preposition בִּהְיוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּירִיהוּ While Joshua was in Jericho

Using the Infinitive Construct b)כְְּ preposition prefixed to an infinitive construct often is translated as a temporal clause i.“when”, “as”, “just as”, or “as soon as”

Infinitive Construct with a כְּ preposition כִּשְׁכַב אְַדֹנִי־הַמֶּלֶךְ עִם־אְַבֹתָיו כְּ Preposition Qal Infinitive Construct שָׁכַב “he lay down” “when (he) lies down”

Infinitive Construct with a כְּpreposition כִּשְׁכַב אְַדֹנִי־הַמֶּלֶךְ עִם־אְַבֹתָיו “When my lord the king lies down with his ancestors”

Using the Infinitive Construct c)The preposition most frequently prefixed to an infinitive is: לְ i.It introduces purpose clauses, result clauses, or temporal clauses

Infinitive Construct with a לְpreposition כִּי־יָצָא שָׁאוּל לְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ כִּיConjunction : “for” Qal Perfect 3MS יָצַא “he went out” For Saul had gone out

Infinitive Construct with a לְpreposition כִּי־יָצָא שָׁאוּל לְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ לְ Preposition Piel Infinitive Construct בּקשׁ “to seek/he sought” “For Saul had gone out to seek”

Infinitive Construct with a לְpreposition כִּי־יָצָא שָׁאוּל לְבַקֵּשׁ אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ “For Saul had gone out to seek his life”

d) מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs  This especially happens after verbs denoting the idea of withholding, restraining, or refusing to grand privilege  Can also be used to express the comparative  Is translated as “from”

מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ מִדַּבֵּר עִם־יעְַקֹב Nifal Imperative 2MS שָׁמַר “he kept” “Guard/keep”

מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ מִדַּבֵּר עִם־יעְַקֹב לְ Preposition “to” 2MS Pronoun: “you” “Guard yourself”

מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ מִדַּבֵּר עִם־יעְַקֹב מִן: from Piel Infinitive Construct דּבר “he spoke” “from speaking”

מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ מִדַּבֵּר עִם־יעְַקֹב עִםpreposition: “with” Proper Noun MS: Jacob

מִןPrefixed to Infinitive Constructs הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ מִדַּבֵּר עִם־יעְַקֹב “Guard yourself from speaking with Jacob”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes  The suffix may function as either the subject or object of the infinitive

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes בְּשָׁכְבְּךָ תִּשְׁמֹר עָלֶיךָ בְּ Preposition Qal Infinitive Construct שָׁכַב “he lay down” 2MS Suffix “When you lay down”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes בְּשָׁכְבְּךָ תִּשְׁמֹר עָלֶיךָ Qal Imperfect 3FS שָמַר “he kept” “she will keep (watch)”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes בְּשָׁכְבְּךָ תִּשְׁמֹר עָלֶיךָ “When you lie down, she will keep (watch) over you”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes לִשְׁמָרְךָ בְּכָל־דְּרָכֶיךָ לְ Preposition Qal Infinitive Construct שָׁמַר “he kept” 2MS Suffix “to keep you”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes לִשְׁמָרְךָ בְּכָל־דְּרָכֶיךָ “In all of your ways”

Infinitive Constructs with Pronominal Suffixes לִשְׁמָרְךָ בְּכָל־דְּרָכֶיךָ “To keep you in all of your ways”

Negating Infinitives  A negative infinitive clause is formed by placing לְבִלְתִּי “so as not,” or “in order not to” before the infinitive construct  לְבִלְתִּי function like לֹא does in other constructions

Negating Infinitives לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו “so as not to”

Negating Infinitives לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו Qal Infinitive Construct שָׁמַר “he kept” “to keep”

Negating Infinitives לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו “his commandments”

Negating Infinitives לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו “So as not to keep his commandments”

The Infinitive Absolute  The infinitive absolute never takes prepositional prefixes or pronominal suffixes.  It may have a prefixed vav conjunction

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Qal Infinitive Construct מְשֹׁל Qal Infinitive Absolute מָשׁוֹל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Nifal Infinitive Construct הִמָּשֵׁל Nifal Infinitive Absolute הִמָּשֹׁ ל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Nifal Infinitive Construct הִמָּשֵׁל Nifal Infinitive Absolute נִמְשֹׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Piel Infinitive Construct מַשֵּׁל Piel Infinitive Absolute מַשֵּׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Piel Infinitive Construct מַשֵּׁל Piel Infinitive Absolute מַשֹּׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Pual Infinitive Construct (מֻשַּׁל) Pual Infinitive Absolute מֻשֹׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Hitpael Infinitive Construct הִתְמַשֵּׁל Hitpael Infinitive Absolute הִתְמַשֵּׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Hifil Infinitive Construct הַמְשִׁיל Hifil Infinitive Absolute הַמְשֵׁל

Infinitive Construct vs. Infinitive Absolute Hofal Infinitive Construct (הָמְשַׁל) Hofal Infinitive Absolute הָמְשֵׁל

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute  Functions primarily in an adverbial sense

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute 1.It is sometimes used in a gerundial sense, somewhat like the –ing endings for verb forms in English

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute אָכֹל בָּשָׂר וְשָׁתוֹת יָיִן Qal Infinitive Absolute אָכַל “he ate” “Eating”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute אָכֹל בָּשָׂר וְשָׁתוֹת יָיִן “eating flesh and drinking wine”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute 2.Often stands immediately before its cognate verb, thus serving to strengthen, reinforce, and intensify the verbal idea

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ Qal Infinitive Absolute זָכַר “he remembered” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ Qal Imperfect 2MS זָכַר “he remembered” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ “You shall surely remember” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ Direct Object marker ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ Relative Conjunction: “what” Qal Perfect 3MS עָשַׁה “he did” “what (he did)” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ “The Lord your God” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute זָכֹר תִּזְכֹּר אֵת אְַשֶׁר־עָשָׁה יְהוָה אְלֹהֶיךָ “You shall surely remember what the Lord your God did” ֶ

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute 3.Sometimes stands after its cognate verb, in which case it serves to emphasize the duration or continuation of the verbal idea.

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute לַשָּׁוְא צָרַף צָרוֹף לְ Preposition שָׁוְא “in vain”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute לַשָּׁוְא צָרַף צָרוֹף Qal Perfect 3MS צָרַף “he refined”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute לַשָּׁוְא צָרַף צָרוֹף Qal Infinitive Absolute צָרַף “he refined”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute לַשָּׁוְא צָרַף צָרוֹף “In vain he goes on refining”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute 4.Sometimes also used as a substitute for a finite verb form

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute הָלוֹךְ וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֶל־דָּוִד Qal Infinitive Absolute הָלַךְ “Go” (Imperatival Sense)

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute הָלוֹךְ וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֶל־דָּוִד וְ Conjunction: “and” Piel Perfect 2MS דּבר “and say”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute הָלוֹךְ וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֶל־דָּוִד אֶל Preposition: “to” Proper Noun MS “David”

Uses of the Infinitive Absolute הָלוֹךְ וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֶל־דָּוִד “Go and say to David”