by The McGraw-Hill Group of Companies Inc. All rights Reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin W ORK AND H OME CHAPTER 11

11-2 Changing Patterns of Working Women in the Labor Force Married Women and Employment Marital and Family Status of Employed Women Jobs and Careers Types of Dual-Career Families

11-3 Types of Dual-Career Families –Three Types of Marital Roles –Commuter Marriages

11-4 The Female Labor Force: 1940–2008 (Persons 14 ≥Years Through 1965; 16 ≥Years Thereafter) Source: U.S. Census Bureau 1975 and 2010b.

11-5 Challenges of Dual-Career Families More or Less Equal? Who’s Minding the House Progress but not Equality The Dual-Career Wife Why Inequality Persists

11-6 Children and the Challenge of Child Care The Challenge of Finding Satisfactory Care The Challenge of Sufficient Parenting Time Other Options

11-7 Marital Status and Labor Force Participation Rates * of Women with Children: 1960–2007 (For Women ≥14 Years in 1960; ≥16 Years Thereafter) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census 2001 and 2010b.

11-8 Frequency of Work-Family Conflict

11-9 Frequency of Work-Family Conflict (Cnt’d)

11-10 When Do Husbands Participate in Household Tasks? When they have high levels of education When their wives have educational levels similar to theirs When they have egalitarian attitudes about gender and family roles When they, along with their wives, are in professional or managerial occupations

11-11 When Do Husbands Participate in Household Tasks? (Cnt’d) When they earn about the same, rather than significantly more than their wives When they have somewhat different work schedules than their wives, so that they are the only parent at home during certain hours of the day or evening When they have wives employed for a long rather than relatively short time.

11-12 Is Household Labor Equal Today? No. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009a) time-use survey reported that women average 2.13 hours per day on household activities (chores, management, food preparation and cleanup),compared to 1.3 hours for men. And the workload gets worse for women after the birth of a child. When the first child is born, wives spend about six additional hours on housework each week