EMPIRES AND REPUBLICS Early Complex Societies 3500 – 500 B.C.E.

Pre-History vs. History What is history? How do we remember the past? What is pre-history? How do historians know about the past? B.C.E. and C.E.

Evolution of Mankind Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Hominids Australopithecus – Lucy Homo erectus Migration Homo sapiens

Evolution of Mankind Speech/Verbal communication Measuring Time

Paleolithic Era: The Old Stone Age (Hominid presence – 10,000 B.C.E.) Hunting and gathering Communal groups – why? Homo neandertalensis Neandertal vs. Homo sapiens The first “records” of humanity – Venus figurines – Cave paintings

Neolithic Era: The New Stone Age (10,000 – 3500 B.C.E.) Agriculture Population growth Villages and towns Çatal Hüyük (7250 – 5400 B.C.E.) Specialized labor Pottery, metalworking, and textile production New tools Social structure and status Religion – life, death, and rebirth

The Emergence of Civilization What is culture? Primitive society vs. Civilized society Civilization – Benefits? – Dangers? A highly organized way of living A “complex society” Writing!

The Emergence of CITIES City – Existence of a food surplus – Dense population – Specialized labor: interdependence – Complex social relations Complex social relations: – Professional managers – Professional cultural specialists – religious and social – Common marketplace for neighboring towns