Dietary Guidelines, Standards & Tools Dietary Guidelines, Standards & Tools

What is a Healthy Diet? Variety Balance Adequacy Moderation Enjoyment!

Nutrient Standards: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) Developed by Institute of Medicine DRI Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) Adequate Intake Levels (AI) Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) These are some of the terms used to define a “healthy diet”.

Establishing Nutrient Standards: EAR and RDA Compared Estimated Average Requirement RDA Number of people Number of people RDA created in 1943 with intent to prevent nutrient deficiencies Revised ~ every 5 years RDAs evidence based Deficiencies Nutrient use and storage Balance studies 20 30 40 50 60 70 20 30 40 50 60 70 Daily requirement for nutrient X (units/day) Daily requirement for nutrient X (units/day)

Using DRI in Dietary Assessment UL is estimated max intake; higher intake likely to cause toxicity. AI is similar to RDA but used when there is not enough scientific evidence to establish RDA.

Nutrient Standard Terms Essentially, EAR used to determine likelihood of inadequacy, RDA and AI to determine likelihood of adequacy, UL to determine likelihood of toxicity.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges Ranges of intakes for each class of energy source that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients Carbohydrates: 45-65% total energy Protein: 10-35% total energy Fat: 20-35% total energy

DRI’s Applied: Food Labels Purpose: Way to help consumers become aware of nutrient content of food

Daily Values (DV) Daily Value = amount (%) of recommended intake of a nutrient provided by a single serving of a food Based on 2,000 kcal diet & former RDA values DVs serve as a reference <5% DV = low source 10-19%= good source ≥20% = high, excellent, rich source www.fda.gov/fdac/special/foodlabel/dvs.html DVs actually comprise two sets of reference values for nutrients: Daily Reference Values, or DRVs, and Reference Daily Intakes, or RDIs. But these two sets are "behind the scenes" in food labeling; only the Daily Value term appears on the label to make label reading less confusing. DRV’s used for energy nutrients, fiber, and sodium. RDIs used for micronutrients (except sodium) and based on 1968 RDAs. To be updated. Interesting article at link. (no date) 2,000 kcal reference range chosen “in part, because many health experts say it approximates the maintenance calorie requirements of the group most often targeted for weight reduction: postmenopausal women. Also, unlike the 2,350-calorie reference that FDA used in its proposal, 2,000 calories is a rounded number, which makes it easier for consumers to calculate their individual nutrient needs.”

Nutrition Facts Panel Other info found on food labels: Nutrient content claims (low sodium, reduced fat, good source of calcium, etc) Food allergy alerts Ingredients Health claims (approved, qualified) Marketing!!

Dietary Guidelines Revised every 5 years Guidance system aimed to: Promote health Reduce risk of chronic disease www.healthierus.gov/dietaryguidelines/

USDA Food Guide Pyramid - 1992

From Willett & Stampfer Scientific American, January 2003 issue

Diet Analysis Tools www.mypyramid.gov Diet Analysis Plus software Log intake Include weekdays & weekend days ALL food & beverages