 Ft. Sumter- On April 12, 1861 at 4:30 A.M. the first shot hurtled over Fort Sumter, at the entrance to the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. This was the beginning of the Civil War. Union troops, were forced to leave the fort the following day. The U.S. flag was not raised again at Fort Sumter until February 18, The fort was not of military importance, but a symbol to both sides. The First Battle at Bull Run (1861) was the first major battle. It was suppose to be the shortest and the end to the brand new war. Volunteer soldiers lined-up in colorful, clean uniforms waiting for the event to begin. People with picnic baskets sat on the hillsides as the troops battled. After ten hours of fighting, 900 soldiers lay dying as the Union troops retreated to Washington. Shiloh- (1862) the Battle of Shiloh caused more than 23,500 men to be killed or missing. From this important battle, General Grant knew that the South had a strong resolve to continue to fight. The Battle of Antietam (1862)- saw General Lee lead the Confederate troops into the North. The battle was not a decisive victory for either side. This battle led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln. Gettysburg- On July 3, 1863, Lee’s troops fought against General George Mead’s army at the Battle of Gettysburg. This was the turning point in the war. Meade lost 70% of his men, but 4,000 Confederate soldiers were captured. Vicksburg- From December 1862 to July 1863, the Battle of Vicksburg was fought in Mississippi. This Union victory split the Confederacy in two, with the North controlling the Mississippi River. Grant had twice as many soldiers as confederate soldiers were starving and low on ammunition when General Pemberton surrendered.

 Poor and working class women in the north took factory jobs vacated by men  Middle and upper class women stayed home, but supported the war effort in traditional ways  Women as nurses at battlefront hospitals becomes acceptable- Clara Barton, “Angel of the Battlefield” becomes the leading proponent of female nurses, founds the Red Cross after the war

 Railroads  Engines  Guns  Advances Advances

 President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.” Of course, the Southern states don’t follow the decree, and Northern “border” states are not impacted.  African American soldiers fought with the Union Army- approx 179,000 by war’s end  Slaves in the south resist slavery- over 100,000 runaway slaves join the Union Army.

 Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted through Georgia from November 15, 1864 to December 21, 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 16 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property. Military historian David J. Eicher wrote that Sherman "defied military principles by operating deep within enemy territory and without lines of supply or communication. He destroyed much of the South's physical and psychological capacity to wage war."

 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865, ending the Civil War.

 Abraham Lincoln- President of the USA  Jefferson Davis- President of the CSA  Robert E. Lee- Most famous general of the Confederacy  Ulysses S. Grant- Most famous general of the Union  William T. Sherman- Union General who practiced total war  Clara Barton- Founder, American Red Cross

 Momentum  Resolve  “Home Field” Advantage  “King Cotton”  Military Leadership  Unity

 Production  Organization  Transportation  Population  Resources  Military strength

 Most battles were fought in the South  The Northern economy prospered while the Southern economy declined  Most Northern soldiers were draftees or people who saw service as a stepping stone to a brighter future  Despite similar exemption policies, 90% of Southern men fought  Slavery was ended by the 13 th Amendment after the war, NOT the Emancipation Proclamation

 The South had an early advantage in the war (Pt. 1, 4) because they had a “home field” advantage and an “all in” mentality, as they were fighting for their homes. Over time, the “home field” advantage and the “all in” mentality became a disadvantage, as it interfered with agricultural production- the backbone of the South’s economy. Add that to the failure of “Cotton Diplomacy” and a lack of manufacturing to make weapons, and the South’s economy bottomed out (Pt.2). The North started with a disadvantage- reluctant soldiers on unfamiliar terrain (Pt. 1, 3). Over time the power of their manufacturing and their higher population erased the South’s advantage, and even benefited their economy (Pt. 2). At NO point in the war was the slavery issue truly addressed, and it was not until after the war (and after intense political debate) that slavery was ended (Pt.5).