Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems Chapter 11 Sections 1-3 By: Romina Fuentes And Chayaliz Alfonseca Chapter 11 Sections 1-3 By: Romina Fuentes And Chayaliz Alfonseca

Section 1: Human Impacts on Terrestrial Biodiversity Biodiversity- variety of different species, genetic variability among individuals within each species, variety of ecosystems, and functions such as energy flow and matter cycling needed for the survival of species and biological communities.

Why is biodiversity Important? Two types of values: Intrinsic-the value or an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s biodiversity based on its existence regardless of whether is has any usefulness to us. Instrumental-the value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s biodiversity based on its usefulness to us. Use values-benefit us in the form of economic goods and services, ecological services, recreation, scientific info and preserving options for such use in the future. Nonuse values are values that consist of : Existence-knowing that something exists, a redwood forest, wilderness, or endangered species, even if we will never see it or get direct use from it. Aesthetic- appreciation of trees, forest, vistas because of its beauty. Bequest-willingness of some people to pay to protect some forms of natural capital for use by future generations.

Human Activities and Biodiversity Fig p. 195

Solutions for Protecting Biodiversity Fig p. 197

Section 2: Conservation Biology Conservation Biology- multidisciplinary science created to deal with the crisis of maintaining the genes, species, communities, and ecosystems that make up the earth’s biological diversity. –Goals: Investigate human impacts on biodiversity Develop practical approaches to preserve biodiversity

Conservation Biology Hot Spots-the most endangered and species-rich ecosystems. –Rapid Assessment Teams are groups of biologists that evaluate situations, make recommendations, and take emergency action to stem the loss of biodiversity in hot spot areas. Aldo Leopold’s ethical principles are what conservation biology is based on. –Something is right when it tends to maintain the earth’s life-support systems for us and other species and wrong when it does not.

Section 3:Public Lands in the United States United States has set aside the largest amount of its land for public use, resource extraction, enjoyment, and wildlife than any other nation. –About 35% of its land is public –About 73% of that land is in Alaska

US Public Land Types Multiple-use lands: –National Forests –National Resource Lands –Managed by US Forest Service & Bureau of Land Management –Mining, livestock grazing, logging. Moderately-restricted use lands: –National Wildlife Refuges –Managed by the US Fish and Wildlife Services –Fishing, oil and gas development, farming. Restricted-use lands: –National Park System –National Wilderness Preservation System –Managed by the National Park Service & Agencies in charge of those lands –Recreational areas monuments, nonmotorized boating.

United States Public Lands Fig p. 198

Managing US Public Land Protecting biodiversity, wildlife habitats, and the ecological functioning of public land ecosystems. No one should receive government subsidies or tax breaks for using or extracting resources on public lands. The American people deserve fair compensation for extraction of any resources from their property. Users or extractors of resources on public lands should be responsible for any environmental damage they cause. –You break it, You buy it

Ecological Restoration: Basic Principles Become one with nature Create all niches that were destroyed Depend on the first species Keep all nomadic species under control