 Is there any Organization to Life? Life is organized and studied at different levels Life is organized and studied at different levels Each level builds off the prior level and becomes more complexEach level builds off the prior level and becomes more complex

Atom Atom Compound Compound Cell Cell Tissue Tissue Organ Organ Organ System Organ System Organism Organism Population Population Community Community Ecosystem Ecosystem Biome Biome Biosphere Biosphere Increase in complexity

 Atom Simplest form of matter Simplest form of matter Smallest possible particle of an element Smallest possible particle of an element Carbon atom = smallest possible “piece” of element carbonCarbon atom = smallest possible “piece” of element carbon Atoms Atoms Contain even smaller components  Subatomic particlesContain even smaller components  Subatomic particles Subatomic Particles Subatomic Particles Proton  Positive electrical charge (+)Proton  Positive electrical charge (+) Electron  Negative electrical charge (-)Electron  Negative electrical charge (-) Neutron  Electrically neutralNeutron  Electrically neutral

 Compound Substance containing two or more atoms Substance containing two or more atoms Atoms – Chemically combined in a fixed ratioAtoms – Chemically combined in a fixed ratio WATER WATER H 2 OH 2 O Sodium chloride NaCl Sodium chloride NaCl

 Cell Basic unit of Life Basic unit of Life Composed of compounds Composed of compounds  Tissue Groups of similar cells performing the same function Groups of similar cells performing the same function  Organ Group of similar tissues Group of similar tissues  Organ System Groups of different organs that work together Groups of different organs that work together  Organism Consists of all organ systems needed to sustain life Consists of all organ systems needed to sustain life

 Population Group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area Group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area

 Community Different populations living in a specific area  All the organisms living in an area Different populations living in a specific area  All the organisms living in an area

 Ecosystem Living and nonliving structures in a given area Living and nonliving structures in a given area Living structures  Biotic FactorsLiving structures  Biotic Factors Plant & animal species Plant & animal species Nonliving structures  Abiotic FactorsNonliving structures  Abiotic Factors Sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, soil chemistry, space Sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, soil chemistry, space

 Biome A large area of the planet that is identified by plant life, animal life, and the climate  Rainforest A large area of the planet that is identified by plant life, animal life, and the climate  Rainforest

 Biosphere Consists of all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things Consists of all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things Most regions of landMost regions of land Bodies of WaterBodies of Water Atmosphere  Altitude of several kilometersAtmosphere  Altitude of several kilometers

Ecology  Scientific study of the interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environments.

Ecologists study relationships at 5 increasingly broad levels 1. Organisms: 2. Populations:  Smallest unit of ecological study Ecologists study adaptations that enable organisms to survive  Group of individual organisms of the same species living in a particular area Ecologists study factors that affect the size & growth of a population

Ecologists study relationships at 5 increasingly broad levels 3. Communities: 3. Ecosystems:  All the organisms inhabiting a particular area Ecologists investigate interactions among the organisms in a community  Include biotic (living) & abiotic (non-living) factors in an area Ecologists explore the flow of energy or cycling of chemicals (CO 2 ) through living things in the ecosystem

Ecologists study relationships at 5 increasingly broad levels 5. Biosphere:  Broadest level of ecological study  Sum of all Earth’s ecosystems Essentially a closed system Chemicals in the biosphere’s living & nonliving things come from within the system  Ecologists study global issues Climate change

Key Abiotic Factors  Sunlight Provides light & warmth Provides light & warmth Energy source for almost all ecosystems of Earth Energy source for almost all ecosystems of Earth Powers photosynthesis by producers Powers photosynthesis by producers Plants & algaePlants & algae

Key Abiotic Factors  Water Essential to all life on Earth Essential to all life on Earth All organisms contain waterAll organisms contain water Dissolves gases (O 2 and solutes (NaCl)) Dissolves gases (O 2 and solutes (NaCl)) Terrestrial organisms have adaptations that keep them from losing too much water & drying out Terrestrial organisms have adaptations that keep them from losing too much water & drying out Aquatic organisms must also balance water uptake & water loss Aquatic organisms must also balance water uptake & water loss

Key Abiotic Factors  Temperature Most life exists within a narrow range of temperatures (0-50° C) Most life exists within a narrow range of temperatures (0-50° C) Few organisms can maintain an active metabolism below 0° CFew organisms can maintain an active metabolism below 0° C Most chemical reactions fail to take place >50° CMost chemical reactions fail to take place >50° C Exception = Organisms that live in hot springs or around deep ocean vents Exception = Organisms that live in hot springs or around deep ocean vents

Key Abiotic Factors  Soil Product of abiotic forces (ice, rain, & wind) & actions of living things (microorganisms, plants & earthworms) on the rocks & minerals of Earth’s crust Product of abiotic forces (ice, rain, & wind) & actions of living things (microorganisms, plants & earthworms) on the rocks & minerals of Earth’s crust Chemical make up determines plant life Chemical make up determines plant life

Key Abiotic Factors  Wind Moves clouds & rain over Earth’s surface Moves clouds & rain over Earth’s surface Stirs up water in ponds, lakes, & streams Stirs up water in ponds, lakes, & streams Creating currents that bring nutrients up from the bottomCreating currents that bring nutrients up from the bottom Disperses pollen & seeds (reproduction) Disperses pollen & seeds (reproduction)

Key Abiotic Factors  Severe Disturbances Fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, floods, & volcanic eruptions Fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, floods, & volcanic eruptions Infrequent disturbances  volcanic eruptions Infrequent disturbances  volcanic eruptions Organisms have not acquired any evolutionary adaptationsOrganisms have not acquired any evolutionary adaptations Communities with frequent fires Communities with frequent fires Many organisms have adaptedMany organisms have adapted

Climate determines global patterns in the biosphere  Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface Earth’s spherical shape causes different locations to receive different amounts of solar energy Earth’s spherical shape causes different locations to receive different amounts of solar energy

Climate determines global patterns in the biosphere  3 Temperature Zones Tropical Zones Tropical Zones Warmest temperature zonesWarmest temperature zones Lies between 23.5° N latitude (Tropic of Cancer) & 23.5° S latitude (Tropic of Capricorn)Lies between 23.5° N latitude (Tropic of Cancer) & 23.5° S latitude (Tropic of Capricorn) Polar Zones Polar Zones Coldest zonesColdest zones Region north of the Arctic Circle (66.5° N) & the region south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5° S)Region north of the Arctic Circle (66.5° N) & the region south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5° S)

Climate determines global patterns in the biosphere  3 Temperature Zones Temperate Zones Temperate Zones Latitudes between the tropics and polar zonesLatitudes between the tropics and polar zones May have seasonal temperature changesMay have seasonal temperature changes  Wind, Precipitation, & Ocean Currents Uneven heating & rotation of the Earth results in wind patterns Uneven heating & rotation of the Earth results in wind patterns Wind patterns & continent location  results in oceanic currents Wind patterns & continent location  results in oceanic currents

Climates Result in Characteristic Terrestrial Biomes  BIOMES  Tropical Rainforest  Savanna  Desert  Chaparral  Temperate Grassland  Temperate Deciduous Forest  Coniferous Forest  Tundra

Aquatic Biomes (Ecosystems)  Ponds & Lakes  Photic Zone Where light is available for photosynthesis Shallow/upper water zone Phytoplankton Microscopic algae & cyanobacteria  Aphotic Zone Deep water (No sun)  Benthic Zone Bottom Rocks, sand & sediment

Aquatic Ecosystems  Streams & Rivers  Estuaries  Body of flowing fresh water  Where fresh water & salt water meet  One of Earth’s most productive ecosystems

Oceanic Zones  Pelagic  Intertidal  Open water  Area of shore between high & low tides  Pounded by waves & subject to dessication

Oceanic Zones  Neritic Zone  Oceanic Zone  Area of ocean from low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf  Fairly shallow  Allows for photosynthesis  Vast open ocean from the edge of the continental shelf outward  Photosynthesis occurs in the photic zone