THE CHALLENGE OF THE CITIES Chapter 7 Review

Reasons Why People Emigrate Promise of a better life Escape difficult conditions: * famine, land shortages, religious & political prosecution

What types of services would immigrants need? Learn English Get a job Know how to get around Find a place to live Understanding American culture

New vs. Old Immigrants Until 1880’s most immigrants came from British Isles and Western Europe Fair skinned Anglo- Saxon Protestant or Catholic High literacy rate Accustomed to representative gov new immigrant came from Southern & Eastern Europe Orthodox or Jewish Knew little of Democracy Largely illiterate & poor Sought industrial jobs

Ellis Island

Physical & Mental Tests

Urbanization

Mostly north and Midwest Cities were the cheapest and most convenient places to settle Offered unskilled jobs in factories People also moved from farms to cities

Chicago 1900 What were some problems cities faced?

Life in the city Tenements Min. requirements on pluming/ ventilation Bad water Sanitation Crime fire

Row Houses

City Slums

Writing About the City How the Other Half Lives –Jacob Riis portrayal of American Urban Slums The Shame of the Cities –Lincoln Steffens muckraking novel concerning the poor living conditions in the cities

Reform Movements Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses –Located in poor working-class and immigrant neighborhoods –Staffed by college-educated, middle-class men and women –Taught English to immigrants –Helped to educate immigrant children

Jane Addams & The Hull House

Immigration Issues The American educational system could not absorb the numbers of immigrant children Chinese Exclusion Law 1882 –Denied citizenship to Chinese in the U.S. and forbid further immigration Gentlemen’s Agreement- limits immigration from Japan American Protective Association –A Nativist group of the 1890s opposed all immigration

Chapter 8 review

New Technology

Technology and Urban Life Skyscrapers *able to build up for 2 reasons????? Electric Transit Steel cable bridges Fredrick Law Olmsted planned urban parks

Central Park

New Technology New methods in printing raise U.S. literacy rate to 90% Airplanes Camera

Need for an Educated Society Advanced skills needed Managerial skills Business leaders

Education Students were to go to school 12 to 16 weeks a year (ages 8-14) Reading, writing and math Focused on memorizing, strict punishment Kindergartens began to serve as a “daycare”

White v. Black Education % of white children attended elementary school % of African American children attended elementary school Excluded from public education % of black teenagers attend high school

Education for Immigrants Encouraged to get an education “Americanized” in public schools Native languages repressed Adult school to learn English

Discrimination in the North African Americans move to north in search of better jobs and social equality Segregated neighborhoods Many jobs hired African Americans last and were fired first

Booker T. Washington Born a slave Worked towards educating blacks Open Tuskegee Institute for black students Taught self trades so students could gain self- respect and economic security Avoided issue of social equality

W.E.B. Du Bois Believed Washington was condemning the black race Harvard- 1st of mixed race to do so Co founded NAACP- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1910

Demanded complete equality for blacks Went to Africa in self-exile

Changing Roll of Higher Education Co-ed Colleges emerged Morrill Act provided grants of land for states to est. colleges The Darwinian challenge Universities abandoned “moral instruction and divorced facts from values” Increase in vocational training; elective classes

American Intellect John Dewey- educator and philosopher “learning by doing” Emily Dickinson- poet Mark Twain- author coined era “The Gilded Age” Jack London- wrote about nature “The Call of the Wild”

The New Morality New ideas on women and sexuality emerged Woodhull and Claflin’s Weekly Ideas of Feminism & free love Economic freedom for women = sexual freedom Divorce rates increased and birth control practices grew

The Fight Against Immorality Anthony Comstock raged a war against the “immoral” Comstock Law 1873 Confiscated obscene pictures, pills, medicines used for abortions By 1913 Country in a struggle between sexual attitudes and women’s place in society …….it was “sex o’clock in America”

Talking Heads Create a “talking head” of W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington displaying their different viewpoints in how African American’s in the south should be educated