Bone Tissue Composition

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Presentation transcript:

Bone Tissue Composition Chapter 6

Bone Textures Compact bone Spongy (cancellous) bone Dense outer layer Honeycomb of trabeculae found at the bone ends

Structure of a Long Bone Diaphysis (shaft) Compact bone collar surrounds medullary (marrow) cavity Medullary cavity in adults contains fat (yellow marrow)

Structure of a Long Bone Epiphyses Expanded ends Spongy bone interior Epiphyseal line (remnant of growth plate) Articular (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

Articular cartilage Compact bone Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum) (b) Diaphysis Distal epiphysis (a) Figure 6.3a-b

Membranes of Bone Outer fibrous layer Inner osteogenic layer Periosteum Outer fibrous layer Inner osteogenic layer Osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) Osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) Osteogenic cells (stem cells) Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via nutrient foramina Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers

Membranes of Bone Endosteum Delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone Also contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient arteries (c) Figure 6.3c

Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones Periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside Endosteum-covered spongy bone within Spongy bone called diploë in flat bones Bone marrow between the trabeculae

Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae Figure 6.5

Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow) Red marrow cavities of adults Trabecular cavities of the heads of the femur and humerus Trabecular cavities of the diploë of flat bones Red marrow of newborn infants Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Cells of bones Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells Stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells

(a) Osteogenic cell (b) Osteoblast Stem cell Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth Figure 6.4a-b

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Cells of bone Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoclasts Cells that break down (resorb) bone matrix

(c) Osteocyte (d) Osteoclast Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix Bone-resorbing cell Figure 6.4c-d

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone Haversian system, or osteon—structural unit Lamellae Weight-bearing Column-like matrix tubes Central (Haversian) canal Contains blood vessels and nerves

Artery with capillaries Structures in the Vein central canal Nerve fiber Lamellae Collagen fibers run in different directions Twisting force Figure 6.6

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Compact Bone Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals At right angles to the central canal Connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal Lacunae—small cavities that contain osteocytes Canaliculi—hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Compact bone Spongy bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculae Osteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae (a) Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel Periosteum Nerve Vein Artery Lamellae Central canal Canaliculi Lacuna (with osteocyte) Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Interstitial lamellae (b) (c) Figure 6.7a-c

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone: Spongy Bone Trabeculae Align along lines of stress No osteons Contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

Nerve Vein Lamellae Artery Central canal Canaliculus Osteocyte Lacunae in a lacuna Lacunae (b) Figure 6.3b

Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts Osteoid—organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts Ground substance (proteoglycans, glycoproteins) Collagen fibers Provide tensile strength and flexibility

Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) 65% of bone by mass Mainly calcium phosphate crystals Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression