1 Nuclear Chemistry Chemistry I – Chapter 25 Chemistry I Honors – Chapter 19 ICP – Chapter 18 SAVE PAPER AND INK!!! When you print out the notes on PowerPoint, print "Handouts" instead of "Slides" in the print setup. Also, turn off the backgrounds (Tools>Options>Print>UNcheck "Background Printing")!

2 Radioactivity One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of ________ ( ).One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of ________ ( ). She discovered ________, the spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.She discovered ________, the spontaneous disintegration of some elements into smaller pieces.

3 Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes Nuclear reactions involve the nucleusNuclear reactions involve the nucleus The nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearrangedThe nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearranged The opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy that holds the nucleus together – called binding energyThe opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy that holds the nucleus together – called binding energy “Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons“Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons

4 Mass Defect Some of the mass can be converted into energySome of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation!Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 EnergyMass Speed of light

5 Types of Radiation Alpha (ά) – a positively charged helium isotope - we usually ignore the charge because it involves electrons, not protons and neutrons Alpha (ά) – a positively charged helium isotope - we usually ignore the charge because it involves electrons, not protons and neutrons Beta (β) – an electronBeta (β) – an electron Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particleGamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle

6 Other Nuclear Particles Neutron Neutron Positron – a positive electron Positron – a positive electron Proton – usually referred to as hydrogen-1Proton – usually referred to as hydrogen-1 Any other elemental isotopeAny other elemental isotope

7 Penetrating Ability

8 Balancing Nuclear Reactions In the reactants (starting materials – on the left side of an equation) and products (final products – on the right side of an equation) Atomic numbers must balance and Mass numbers must balance Use a particle or isotope to fill in the missing protons and neutrons

9 Nuclear Reactions Alpha emissionAlpha emission Note that mass number (A) goes down by 4 and atomic number (Z) goes down by 2. Nucleons (nuclear particles… protons and neutrons) are rearranged but conserved

10 Nuclear Reactions Beta emissionBeta emission Note that mass number (A) is unchanged and atomic number (Z) goes up by 1.

11 Other Types of Nuclear Reactions Positron ( 0 +1  ): a positive electron Electron capture: Electron capture: the capture of an electron 207

12 Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10 B + 4 He ? + 1 n 5 2 0

13 Write Nuclear Equations! Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60.

14 Artificial Nuclear Reactions New elements or new isotopes of known elements are produced by bombarding an atom with a subatomic particle such as a proton or neutron -- or even a much heavier particle such as 4 He and 11 B. Reactions using neutrons are called  reactions because a  ray is usually emitted. Radioisotopes used in medicine are often made by  reactions.

15 Artificial Nuclear Reactions Example of a  reaction is production of radioactive 31 P for use in studies of P uptake in the body P n ---> P + 

16 Transuranium Elements Elements beyond 92 (transuranium) made starting with an  reaction U n ---> U +  U ---> Np  Np ---> Pu  Np ---> Pu 

17 Nuclear Fission

18 Nuclear Fission Fission is the splitting of atoms These are usually very large, so that they are not as stable Fission chain has three general steps: 1. Initiation. Reaction of a single atom starts the chain (e.g., 235 U + neutron) 2. Propagation. 236 U fission releases neutrons that initiate other fissions 3. ___________.

19 Stability of Nuclei Out of > 300 stable isotopes: Even Odd Odd Even Z N P 19 9 F 2 1 H, 6 3 Li, 10 5 B, 14 7 N, Ta

20 Band of Stability and Radioactive Decay

21 Representation of a fission process.

22 Nuclear Fission & POWER Currently about 103 nuclear power plants in the U.S. and about 435 worldwide.Currently about 103 nuclear power plants in the U.S. and about 435 worldwide. 17% of the world’s energy comes from nuclear.17% of the world’s energy comes from nuclear.

23 Figure 19.6: Diagram of a nuclear power plant.

24 Nuclear Fusion Fusion small nuclei combine 2 H + 3 H 4 He + 1 n Occurs in the sun and other stars Energy

25 Nuclear Fusion Fusion Excessive heat can not be contained Attempts at “cold” fusion have FAILED. “Hot” fusion is difficult to contain

26 Half-Life HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose.HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose. The rate of a nuclear transformation depends only on the “reactant” concentration.The rate of a nuclear transformation depends only on the “reactant” concentration.

27 Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of 15 O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?

28 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay For each duration (half-life), one half of the substance decomposes. For example: Ra-234 has a half-life of 3.6 days If you start with 50 grams of Ra-234 After 3.6 days > 25 grams After 7.2 days > 12.5 grams After 10.8 days > 6.25 grams

29 Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?

30 Effects of Radiation

31 Geiger Counter Used to detect radioactive substances

32

33 Radiocarbon Dating Radioactive C-14 is formed in the upper atmosphere by nuclear reactions initiated by neutrons in cosmic radiation 14 N + 1 o n ---> 14 C + 1 H The C-14 is oxidized to CO 2, which circulates through the biosphere. When a plant dies, the C-14 is not replenished. But the C-14 continues to decay with t 1/2 = 5730 years. Activity of a sample can be used to date the sample.

34 Nuclear Medicine: Imaging Thyroid imaging using Tc-99m

35 Food Irradiation Food can be irradiated with  rays from 60 Co or 137 Cs.Food can be irradiated with  rays from 60 Co or 137 Cs. Irradiated milk has a shelf life of 3 mo. without refrigeration.Irradiated milk has a shelf life of 3 mo. without refrigeration. USDA has approved irradiation of meats and eggs.USDA has approved irradiation of meats and eggs.

36 practice Nuclear reaction ws

37 Question 1 a. 1s22s22p63s23p8 b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 c. 1s22s22p63s23p63d2 d. 1s22s22p83s23p6

38 answer Which is the electronic configuration of calcium? a. 1s22s22p63s23p8 b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 c. 1s22s22p63s23p63d2 d. 1s22s22p83s23p6

39 Question 2 The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 20 minutes. What is the total amount of 1.00 g of sample of this isotope remaining after 1 hour? a g b g c g d g

40 answer The half-life of a radioactive isotope is 20 minutes. What is the total amount of 1.00 g of sample of this isotope remaining after 1 hour? a g b g c g d g

41 An isotope contains: a)Same number of e- different number of ions b)Same number of protons, different number of neutrons c)Same number of neutrons, different number of protons d)Same number of protons, different number of e-

42 answer a)Same number of e- different number of ions b)Same number of protons, different number of neutrons c)Same number of neutrons, different number of protons d)Same number of protons, different number of e-

43 Aluminum is a a)Metal b)Non metal c)Noble gas d)None of the above

44 answer a)Metal b)Non metal c)Noble gas d)None of the above

45 H has how many valence e-? a)2 b)3 c)1 d)0

46 answer a)2 b)3 c)1 d)0

47 Al has a higher ionization energy than S? True false

48 Answer false

49 The symbol for tin is? ?

50 Answer Sn

51 Group 8 on the periodic table is also known as The alkali metals The halogens The noble gases I have no idea

52 answer The noble gases

53 How many electrons must an atom have on its outer shell to be stable ?

54 Answer 8

55 The element Si is: A metal A nonmetal A metalloid Not an element

56 Answer metalloid

57 Last one… Draw the bohr model for He on your board

58 It should look like this