PROTISTS 11/16/2011 Entry #21 OMM Lesson 12, 15, and 16

Question: What is a protozoan? What is a protozoan?

Hypothesis: Write your hypothesis in your journal. Write your hypothesis in your journal.

Procedure: Follow your teacher’s instructions for viewing the different protozoa. Follow your teacher’s instructions for viewing the different protozoa.

Data: You will need to draw 6 scientific drawing circles. Each will be drawn on 100x. The names of the organisms are: You will need to draw 6 scientific drawing circles. Each will be drawn on 100x. The names of the organisms are:AmoebaEuglenaVolvoxParameciumDaphniaHydra 40 X

Data:Protist Animal-like Features Plant-like Features Structures/ Methods of Movement Amoeba Paramecium Euglena Volvox Daphnia Hydra

1. You are to draw and color each specimen in the circles and fill in the data table. 2. Use ONLY ONE DROP of the samples from Euglena, Volvox, and Paramecium in the well of the slide. 3. We are using glass slides…be careful! 4. Clean your slide with a quick rinse. 5. Dry your slide with a paper towel. 6. Continue until you have viewed all three samples. 7. Put up you scope, return your slides, and clean your desks. 8. Draw the amoeba from the projector.

1. Obtain 1 Daphnia on a depression slide (the glass ones with the well). 2. View the protist on the lowest magnification (40x). Daphnia are large protist. You may not be able to see the entire organism in the field of view. Draw the head and appendages. 3. Put up the scopes and slides. 4. Clean your desks. 5. Draw the Hydra from the projector.

What I Learned: Protists are eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Protists are eukaryotes that cannot be classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Referred to as the “odds and ends” kingdom Referred to as the “odds and ends” kingdom All protists live in moist surroundings. All protists live in moist surroundings. They are VERY diverse: They are VERY diverse: –Some are heterotroph; some autotroph…some are both! –Most are unicellular; a few are multucellular. –Some cannot move; others move quickly in water.

Protists are grouped into three categories based on their characteristics. Group 1: Animal-like Protists Group 2: Plant-like Protists Group 3: Fungus-like Protists

Animal-like Protists (Protozoans) Heterotrophs that are able to move from place to place to obtain food Heterotrophs that are able to move from place to place to obtain food Unicellular Unicellular Special Structures in Protozoans Special Structures in Protozoans Pseudopods – “false feet”; temporary bulges of the cell that help the protist engulf food; protists with these are called sarcodines Ex:Amoeba Pseudopods – “false feet”; temporary bulges of the cell that help the protist engulf food; protists with these are called sarcodines Ex:Amoeba Cilia – small hairlike structures that act like paddles to move the protist; protists with cilia are called ciliates Cilia – small hairlike structures that act like paddles to move the protist; protists with cilia are called ciliates Contractile Vacuole – helps to rid the protozoans of excess water and allows the protozoans to jet the water out to propel itself forward Contractile Vacuole – helps to rid the protozoans of excess water and allows the protozoans to jet the water out to propel itself forward

Sarcodines

Ciliates

Flagellates Protozoans that have flagella. Protozoans that have flagella. The example on the The example on the left is Giardia. It causes an intestinal disease called Hiker’s Disease from drinking contaminated water.

Parasites Some protozoans can be parasites. Some protozoans can be parasites. An example is Plasmodium which causes malaria in people. An example is Plasmodium which causes malaria in people.

Plant-like Protists Plant-like protists are commonly called algae, and like plants, algae are autotrophs. Plant-like protists are commonly called algae, and like plants, algae are autotrophs. Algae play a significant role in ponds, lakes, and oceans. Much of Earth’s oxygen is produced by these organisms. Algae play a significant role in ponds, lakes, and oceans. Much of Earth’s oxygen is produced by these organisms. May be unicellular or multicellular; may live alone or in colonies; can be green, yellow, red, brown, orange or black depending on the color of their pigments. May be unicellular or multicellular; may live alone or in colonies; can be green, yellow, red, brown, orange or black depending on the color of their pigments. There are six types of plant-like protists. There are six types of plant-like protists.

1. Diatoms Unicellular Unicellular Have glasslike walls Have glasslike walls Attach to objects like rocks in shallow water Attach to objects like rocks in shallow water When they die, they collect on the bottom of oceans and lakes forming layers of diatomaceous earth which can be used in scouring products. When they die, they collect on the bottom of oceans and lakes forming layers of diatomaceous earth which can be used in scouring products.

2. Dinoflagellates Unicellular Unicellular Have “armor” in two plates around them Have “armor” in two plates around them Have two flagella that allow them to “twirl” Have two flagella that allow them to “twirl” Glow in the dark Glow in the dark

3. Euglenoids Green, unicellular, found in freshwater Green, unicellular, found in freshwater Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Has a long flagellum Has a long flagellum Has an eyespot to help it detect light Has an eyespot to help it detect light

4. Red Algae Multicellular seaweeds Multicellular seaweeds Found in very deep water Found in very deep water Red pigments is great for absorbing small quantities of light Red pigments is great for absorbing small quantities of light Carrageenan and agar are substances that are produced and used in ice cream and hair gel Carrageenan and agar are substances that are produced and used in ice cream and hair gel

5. Green Algae Contain chlorophyll Contain chlorophyll Very closely related to plants Very closely related to plants Unicellular or multicellular Unicellular or multicellular Freshwater, saltwater, or moist soil Freshwater, saltwater, or moist soil

6. Brown Algae Seaweeds Seaweeds Holdfasts anchor this algae to rocks Holdfasts anchor this algae to rocks Stalks support blades Stalks support blades Sea bladders allow them to float upright Sea bladders allow them to float upright Can grow “forests” Can grow “forests” Used in food thickening products Used in food thickening products

Group 3 – Fungus-like Protists Like fungi, they are heterotrophs, have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce. Like fungi, they are heterotrophs, have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce. They are all able to move at some point in their life. They are all able to move at some point in their life. There are 3 types of fungus-like protists. There are 3 types of fungus-like protists.

Type 1: Slime Molds Brightly colored and live on forest floors and shady places Brightly colored and live on forest floors and shady places Ooze along the surface of decaying materials Ooze along the surface of decaying materials Start out as small amoeba- like organisms and grow larger and join together to make large jelly blobs Start out as small amoeba- like organisms and grow larger and join together to make large jelly blobs

Type 2: Water Molds Live in water and grow in tiny threads that look like fuzz Live in water and grow in tiny threads that look like fuzz

Type 3: Downy Mildews Can attack crops like grapes, corn, and potatoes (Ex: The Potato Famine in Ireland) Can attack crops like grapes, corn, and potatoes (Ex: The Potato Famine in Ireland)

Next: Create a “Microbe Comic” strip that highlights the adventures (or misadventures) of one of the six types of protists that we viewed in the lab. Create a “Microbe Comic” strip that highlights the adventures (or misadventures) of one of the six types of protists that we viewed in the lab.