Horace and Juvenal: Formal Roman Satire. Direct or Formal Roman Satire A verse genre in hexameter (lines of 6 poetic feet) in which the fictional speaker.

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Horace and Juvenal: Formal Roman Satire

Direct or Formal Roman Satire A verse genre in hexameter (lines of 6 poetic feet) in which the fictional speaker (the persona or literary mask of the poet) addresses the reader directly in the first person, and also speaks to a fictional character (a friend, a lawyer, etc.) who typically offer counter-opinions; this person is called the adversarius

Direct or Formal Roman Satire cont. Censures folly/vice and promotes moral virtue Topical: refers to current events (socio- political) Highly rhetorical genre Famous practitioners: Lucilius, Horace, and Juvenal

Formal Satire – Rhetorical techniques Hyperbole: a bold overstatement through exaggeration Allusion: a figure of speech that refers to a historical or literary figure, event, or object; it relies on the reader’s familiarity with the reference, and is related to intertextuality (referring to other texts)

Formal Satire – Rhetorical techniques (cont.) Catalogue: a long list of persons, places, or things; often exempla—examples of sinful types (stock characters: the miser, the glutton, or notorious figures from myth or history Rhetorical question: a question asked for persuasive effect; it puts the persona and the reader in collusion and expresses the poet’s frustration Aphorism: a terse statement of a principle or moral truth

Horace (65-8 BCE): Horatian Satire “sermo cotidianus” (everyday speech / talk), informal, prosaic genial and tolerant criticism of human foibles, amused more than angry moderation and restraint in writing and in moral censure; advises the moderation of desire autobiographical, playfully ridicules his own faults; humble and paternal persona belief in reform, optimistic

Apostrophe: a sudden turn from the audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present.

Juvenal (c. 55-c. 135 CE): Juvenalian Satire wishes to obliterate corruption (pessimistic, tragic, apocalyptic) has bitter moral outrage / indignation; follows Lucilius’s use of aggressive invective and moral censure of vice is highly rhetorical (maximal use of figures of speech) seeks to illicit contempt (not forgiveness) in reader is not autobiographical or self-inclusive; stance of superiority