Lecture 4 And some rin uphill and down dale, Knapping the chucky stones to pieces wi’ hammers, Like sae mony roadmakers run daft – They say it is to see how the warld was made. - Sir Walter Raleigh Minerals Webpage for course (daytime) Webpage for course (nighttime)

Something from the ancient Greek philosopher-scientists

What is a mineral? A naturally occurring inorganic solid made up of an ordered arrangement of ATOMS

Difference between minerals and rocks

Atoms, three basic parts Protons Neutrons Electrons Mass (wt.) charge

nucleus electron cloud Fig. 2.5

Atomic number = Atomic mass number =

Atomic number = number of protons Atomic mass number = number protons and neutrons Example: Carbon (symbol “C”) atomic number = atomic mass number = Therefore, 6 protons, 6 (12-6) neutrons

Periodic Table

A balanced atom has as many electrons as protons

Electrons are not randomly located Occur in “shells” electrons fill shells in a sequential order

1 st shell holds up to 2 electrons 2 nd shell holds up to 8 electrons 3 rd shell holds up to 8 electrons

Two rules in Nature: 1. electrons occupy shells in a specific order (inner before outer shells) 2. Outer shell that has electrons in it must be full of electrons

Two rules in Nature: 1. electrons occupy shells in a specific order (inner before outer shells) 2. Outer shell that has electrons in it must be full of electrons

Let us develop some characters

Our cast of characters

outer element sym+ +/-- # wt. sh. Needs Hydrogen H Helium He Carbon C Oxygen O Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Iron Fe Uranium U

So let us meet a hydrogen atom after the Big Bang…

When Harry met Sally Sodium Chlorine

More formulae CaCO 3 (calcite) KAl 2 (Si 3 Al)O 10 (OH) 2 (muscovite) Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 (garnet)

Silicate minerals SiO 4 tetrahedra IsolatedOlivine ChainsHornblend SheetsMica FrameworkFeldspar & Quartz

So, what the atoms are and how to go together determines the characteristics of the mineral : crystal shape hardness cleavage chemical properties etc. etc.

Graphite and Diamond