George Washington

The Rise of Political Parties  Political Parties – groups of people with similar political views  During the ratification fight, 2 different groups emerged, Federalists and Anti- Federalists  Washington chose members of both parties to serve with him Was a strong figure that unified both parties Was a strong figure that unified both parties Neither side wanted to be against WashingtonNeither side wanted to be against Washington

The Rise of Political Parties  Federalists – favored the Constitution, and a strong central government  Alexander Hamilton  Anti-Federalists (aka Democratic-Republicans) – originally opposed the Constitution, favored strong state government  Thomas Jefferson

1 st President  Elected in 1789  Only president ever to be elected unanimously Runner up was John Adams, became VP Runner up was John Adams, became VP

Presidential Cabinet  The First Presidential Cabinet Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson Secretary of War – Henry Knox Secretary of War – Henry Knox Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton

Judicial Branch  Judiciary Act of 1789 – created federal court system with 3 levels Established District and Appellate Courts Established District and Appellate Courts Set the number of Supreme Court Justices at 6 Set the number of Supreme Court Justices at 6 Also created executive department of Justice and Attorney General Also created executive department of Justice and Attorney General Edmund Randolph joined cabinetEdmund Randolph joined cabinet Edmund Randolph – 1 st Attorney General

State of the Union Address   January 8, 1790—President George Washington delivered to Congress the first State of the Union address in American history. This address presented defense, foreign policy, economic, education, and immigration related topics to gathered representatives and senators in Federal Hall, New York City.

Washington’s Cabinet

Alexander Hamilton  Only Immigrant Founding Father British West Indies  Father left and mother died  Worked in the shipping business as a clerk Operated the business as a teen when owner was away  Sent to New York for education  Joined Continental Army Aide to Washington  Became lawyer  Financial Genius  Completely shaped US Financial System

Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy  1. Pay off foreign war debt immediately and in full $11.7 Million (owed mostly to France) $11.7 Million (owed mostly to France) Only way to create confidence in new nation Only way to create confidence in new nation

Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy  2. Buy back depreciated Revolutionary war bonds at face value US owed $40 million to citizens in war bonds US owed $40 million to citizens in war bonds Only way to establish trust in new nation Only way to establish trust in new nation Government must do what it said it wouldGovernment must do what it said it would Jefferson opposed plan Jefferson opposed plan Rewarded speculators at the expense of the poorRewarded speculators at the expense of the poor

Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy  3. Assume State’s war debt $25 million dollar debt $25 million dollar debt Would establish a federal line of credit Would establish a federal line of credit Tie all states to Federal Government Tie all states to Federal Government Establish support for Federal Government Establish support for Federal Government Help national economy by freeing up states’ money Help national economy by freeing up states’ money

Alexander Hamilton and US Financial Policy  4. Create Bank of the United States Bank for Government money and loans Bank for Government money and loans Believed that the “necessary and proper” clause gave Congress power to charter Bank Believed that the “necessary and proper” clause gave Congress power to charter Bank Helped US consolidate its debt and pay its creditors Helped US consolidate its debt and pay its creditors Offered stability to the US economy Offered stability to the US economy

1. England built forts in the West, disrupted trade, and armed Natives 2. Spain banned American shipping along the Mississippi 3. Demanded repayment and restricts trade in the West Indies 4. Native American resistance in Old West Foreign Problems

“Where as it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; And the duty and interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith, adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers... Foreign Policy

I have therefore felt fit of these presents to declare the disposition of the U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizen of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any matter tend to contravene such dispostition... —April 1793 What does Washington want the U.S. to do? STAY NEUTRAL

 Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation The U.S. will remain Neutral Did not want to take sides in regards to French RevolutionDid not want to take sides in regards to French Revolution 2. Warned U.S. Citizens to be impartial to both sides. be impartial to both sides.  Washington pursued a friendly and impartial conduct between the two nations, France & Britain

Washington’s Domestic Policy 1. The Whiskey Rebellion  Congress passed excise tax on American made Whiskey in 1791 To pay off national debt To pay off national debt Pennsylvania farmers who couldn’t pay the tax rebelled Pennsylvania farmers who couldn’t pay the tax rebelled Tarred and featheredTarred and feathered tax collectors tax collectors Skirmishes broke outSkirmishes broke out between rebels and between rebels and Federal officers Federal officers Shots fired Shots fired Rebels tarring and feathering a tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion

Washington personally commanded nearly 13,000 troops to shut down the rebellion Washington personally commanded nearly 13,000 troops to shut down the rebellion Most Rebels fled without battle Most Rebels fled without battle Washington captured 20Washington captured 20 First major show of Federal Authority, Force First major show of Federal Authority, Force Washington WOULD see that the laws were executedWashington WOULD see that the laws were executed set a precedent that U.S. citizens who wished to change the law had to do so peacefully through constitutional meansset a precedent that U.S. citizens who wished to change the law had to do so peacefully through constitutional means

2. Northwest Territory  Americans continued to settle in the Ohio Country north of the Ohio River British had ceded land to US after Rev. war British had ceded land to US after Rev. war  Indians rallied around Little Turtle and went to war against settlers Indians felt land was theirs despite treaties Indians felt land was theirs despite treaties Were supplied by British Were supplied by British  Washington sent General “Mad” Anthony Wayne to end the dispute

3. Battle of Fallen Timbers  August 20, 1794  Near Toledo, Ohio  Wayne and his men chased the Indians back to Fort Miami the Indians back to Fort Miami British refused Indians access – British refused Indians access – did not want to start another war did not want to start another war  Americans routed Indians, burning their fields and villages  Led to Treaty of Greenville in 1795 Indians gave Americans most of Ohio, Chicago, Detroit Indians gave Americans most of Ohio, Chicago, Detroit Americans gave Indians $20,000 worth of goods and acknowledged existing claims Americans gave Indians $20,000 worth of goods and acknowledged existing claims

Domestic Policies 4. Fugitive Slave Law 1793: 4. Fugitive Slave Law 1793: Slave hunters were allowed to capture an escapee in any territory or state and were required only to confirm orally before a state or federal judge that the person was a runaway.   The captive was not entitled to a trial by jury and the judge's decision was FINAL. A person hiding an escaped slave could be fined $500 – an expensive Penalty those days!

  The law was opposed in many Northern states; several reacted by enacting legislation to protect free black Americans and fugitive slaves.black   In general, the Fugitive Slave Act was inconsistently enforced and provoked ill feeling between northern and southern states.

 Washington chose to step down after two terms in office ( ) His farewell address is his most famous speech 1. Stay out of European affairs 2. “Steer clear of permanent alliances any portion of the foreign world “ 3. Warns of political party divisions…too late! Political Unity was key to success

George Washington The Father of our Country