Ch. 12 & 15 TEST Review Glossary & STAAR Review

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Supreme Court case heard by the John Marshall led court. The case centered around a state tax on the 2 nd National Bank of the U.S. The head of the Maryland branch, McCullough, argued that as a national institution they were not under the jurisdiction of a state tax and refused to pay it. The state sued and the court’s opinion was that the state tax was unconstitutional. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Supreme Court case heard by the John Marshall led court. The case centered around Thomas Gibbons wanting to utilize his federal license to operate a steamboat from New York to New Jersey. Aaron Ogden held a New York state license as the monopoly on steamboat travel and sued Gibbons to stop the competition. The court’s opinion stated the state law was in conflict with the Constitution and was unconstitutional; only Congress could regulate interstate commerce.

Monroe Doctrine (1823) Due to the growing revolutionary ideas in the Spanish colonies of North and South America trying to win their freedom, President James Monroe issued this during his annual address to Congress in Monroe built on Washington’s precedent of neutrality saying the U.S. would oppose any attempt by Europe to establish new colonies or to restore Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere. Missouri Compromise (1820) Henry Clay engineered this compromise in Congress to help ease the growing sectional tension over slavery. Missouri wished to enter the union in 1820 as a slave state but the northern states hoped to stop the expansion of slavery and keep a balance of power in the Senate. So, they allowed the entrance of MO, added Maine as a free state to keep the balance, and banned slavery in any new territory north of the (36° 30’ N) parallel.

John Marshall Nominated as the Supreme Court Chief Justice by John Adams in 1801, under the Judiciary Act of Involved in many key landmark decisions including: Marbury v Madison, McCullough v Maryland, and Gibbons v Ogden. Decision in the Marbury case led to the growth in power of the judicial branch by incorporating the principle of judicial review. Decisions in the Gibbons and McCullough case helped to grow the strength of the court and federal government. John C. Calhoun Congressman from South Carolina who was a War Hawk, prior to the War of Was an advocate for Henry Clay’s American System, especially for the internal improvements on transportation.

Henry Clay Congressman from Kentucky who was a War Hawk, prior to the War of Proposed what became known as the American System which called for: a 2 nd national bank to unify the currency, a protective tariff to support U.S. manufacturing, and government funded improvements to transportation (like the Erie Canal). In 1820, he proposed the Missouri Compromise to Congress. Daniel Webster U.S. Senator from Massachusetts; Successful lawyer who defended the national bank and won its case against the state tax in McCullough v. Maryland; defended Gibbons and won in the case dealing with interstate commerce in Gibbons v. Ogden;

ec. of Ind. rticles of Confed. onstitution Founding Documents Revolution Events exington aratoga orktown Valley Forge Marbury v. Madison=Judicial Review Jamestown -1 st perm. English settlement Mayflower Compact – 1 st system of self- gov’t Declaration of Independence – Freedom from Englsih Rule Constitution –Replaced Article of Confed. Louisiana Purchase – Doubled size of US New England Southern Colonies Middle Colonies US in 1783 Appalachian Mtns Louisiana Purchase Rocky Mtns Mississippi R. Long winters, rocky soil, timber, fishing, shipbuilding, whaling subsistence farming, good soil, warm climate Hot climate, fertile soil, cash crops, plantation system G v. O = Gibbons vs. Ogden Interstate trade McC v. M = McCulloch vs. Maryland – Fed gov’t supreme DS vs. S = Florida Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

74. James Monroe: 5 th President & author of the Monroe Doctrine, which shut down the western hemisphere to European expansion or interference. I wrote it ‘cause I’m smrt. But I was prez, so the credit go to me! John Quincy Adams Sec. of State James Monroe: Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

75. Industrial Revolution: industry changed from the production of goods at home (cottage industry) to factory production using powered machinery. Boott Mill, Lowell Mass. Industrial Revolution Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

76. Robert Fulton’s steamboat improved transportation of goods and people during the Industrial Revolution. 5 miles an hour! Wooooooooooooo- hooooooooooooo!!!! We’re flyin’ now boys!! Robert Fulton I’m on a BOAT!!! Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

77. The, invented in 1835 by Samuel Morse (Morse Code), made communication more efficient across great distances. It would become an important tool in the North, during the Civil War. Telegraph Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

78. Textile Mills Thief : Samuel Slater Importance : Led to large-scale factory production of cloth through the use of power looms. Provided new job opportunities for young women. Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

79. Interchangeable Parts Inventor : Eli Whitney Importance : Allowed factories to make products faster & cheaper. Parts could be replaced easily if broken. Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

80. Cotton Gin Inventor : Eli Whitney Importance : Allowed for fast separation of cotton from seeds, greatly increasing profitability of cotton. This made the use of slavery on plantations essential to cotton farmers in the South. Wile E. Coyote Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction

81. The made slavery illegal North of the 36° 30’ line. From 1820 to 1850, newly admitted states above the line would be free states, while new states below the line would be slave states. Missouri Compromise of 1820 Super STAAR 130 Greatest American History Facts: Colonization thru Reconstruction