 High unemployment, especially in the docks and in mining areas (over 50% in 1930s)  Lack of space near the city, inner city.  Old industrial sites were unattractive looking for new industry.  Poverty and low standard of living.  Multiplier effect of high unemployment and poverty on local services.

 Depopulation from mining villages and smaller towns  people moved to the city in search of alternative work.  Increased crime rate  Poorer health due to poorer environment and poverty  Poor health due to harsh working condition in the heavy industry  chest infection from coal mining.  Family break-down due to pressure arising from unemployment  single parents. Lack of male role model

 Factories left derelict and tenements left in poor state of repair.  Pollution of: land, water, air and noise.  Disused railways lines and canals  Vandalism  Lack of open space with good environmental quality.  Subsidence from old mine workings.  Derelict land.

 The legacy of 150 years of heavy industry, and the subsequent de-industrialisation is very evident in the landscape, with derelict buildings, usually along the riverside, and a high frequency of soil heaps and subsidence hollows

Industrial Change New Industries/ Modern Industry = light industries, such as electronics.

 New industries such as electronics and software development, are becoming more important; industries which are becoming more important are sometimes called sunrise industries.

 Edge/out-of-town location, away from housing.  More open space, lower building density  low population density.  planned building pattern.  Near main roads (red) with roundabouts.  Near to Motorways (blue).  Near to Airports  Names like… industrial estate, business park.  Near Universities, Colleges, Technical Institutions.

 Newer high-technology industries often require large numbers of graduates (highly skilled workers) as well as the use of university research and information services, and are usually build near to universities.  A science park has been built next to Stirling University in Central Scotland.

 The American-owned Motorola Cooperation has large electronics factory at East Kilbride where there is a good supply of labour, good transport to international markets and a supply of graduates from Central Scotland’s highly rated universities.  The factory is also near the company’s supplies of high-tech components.

 The Government is often able to attract new factories, and the jobs that they bring, to areas of high unemployment. This is achieved by offering generous grants and subsidies to companies willing to build their factories in economically depressed areas.  The Government will also improve an area’s infrastructure, and retain its workers, as part of its strategy for attracting factories and jobs.

 Within the European Union a location in the core or centre of the single market is more advantageous than a location on the periphery or edge of the market.  Transport costs, for example, are high for factories on the periphery.

 European Union agencies can help to encourage an area’s industrial development by proving funds for infrastructure improvement and for retaining redundant workers.

 National and local planning laws will also influence the location of industry. The planning process takes into account the impact a factory will have on people and the environment.  Planning permission is usually refused for factories which would produce fumes, smoke and smells in built-up areas. Permission is also usually refused for factories which wan to build on ‘green-belt’ land.