French and Indian War Great Britain’s victory over France in the French & Indian War changed the balance of power in the Americas. Treaty of Paris, 1763 Great Britain received: Canada All French-claimed land to east side of Mississippi River Florida from Spain Spain received: New Orleans French Louisiana land on west side of Mississippi River

France no longer a threat to Spanish TX. Mississippi River is boundary between Spain and Great Britain.

Marques de Rubí Report Marques de Rubí Report: What did he recommend for Texas? 1. Spain should abandon all missions and presidios except those at La Bahía and San Antonio. 2. San Antonio should replace Los Adaes as the capital of Texas. 3. The Spanish population in East Texas should be moved to San Antonio to strengthen its defenses. 4. The Spanish should befriend the Comanches and seek their help in fighting the Apaches. Spanish government sent Rubí to investigate the conditions in Spanish America Rubí reported that Spain did not have the wealth, power, or people necessary to hold such a huge, remote region.

Changes in Texas Policies 1773: Spanish officials ordered Spanish settlers to withdraw (leave) East Texas for San Antonio o Several hundred settlers around Los Adaes, including Tejanos did not want to leave E. TX. o Many of the settlers were unhappy in San Antonio 1774: Unhappy settlers were given permission to return east, but only to the Trinity River o Led by Antonio Gil Ybarbo o Founded Bucareli but had problems with Comanche raid, disease, and flooding 1779: Ybarbo and others decided to move farther east and founded the town of Nacogdoches 1785: Spanish signed a peace treaty with the Comanches that lasted for about 30 years. 1790: Spanish army joined Comanches and Wichitas and won a major victory over the Apaches at Soledad Creek.

Growing U.S. Threat 1783: U.S. won independence from Great Britain o Spain sides with American Patriots in American Revolution o U.S. returns Florida to Spain 1800: Napoleon Bonaparte forced Spain to give Louisiana back to France. o 3 years later the U.S. bought the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million dollars o Territory doubled the size of the U.S.

Boundary Issues U.S. claimed the Louisiana Purchase territory extended as far west as the Rio Grande River. Spain claimed the boundary was the Arroyo Hondo River (known today as the Calcasieu River) Diplomats decided that the area did not belong to either country, and it became known as the Neutral Ground. Settlers and outlaws entered this area Adam On í s Treaty U.S. gave up:  All claims to Texas Spain Ceded:  Neutral Ground area &  Florida Neutral Ground area

Neutral Ground Area

FilibusterActionsResults Philip Nolan  Entered TX as a mustang trader  Spanish officials thought he was a U.S. spy  Entered TX without permission  Resisted arrest and Nolan is killed  Most of his men are put in prison Henry Perry  Gathered a force of about 300 soldiers on Galveston Island  Planned to invade Mexico  Attacked La Bahía  Fled from Spanish army  Spanish army surrounded Perry and his men  Most were killed or wounded Louis Michel Aury  French pirate  Working with Mexican rebels and raiding Spanish ships  Used Mexican struggle as a way to make a profit Jean Lafitte  Another French pirate based in Galveston  Raided Spanish and American ships Claimed to be fighting for Mexican independence but most likely only interested in Spanish treasure  Used Mexican struggle as a way to make a profit U.S. had pardoned his crimes because he helped during War of 1812, but forced to leave Galveston when he began to attack American ships again James Long  Believed that TX was part of Louisiana Purchase and should have become U.S. territory  Invaded TX twice  Forced to surrender  Shot and killed while awaiting trial  (Wife: Jane Long) Filibusters

Mexico Wins Independence 1810: Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a creole priest called for an end to rule in Mexico by the governing peninsulares. Revolt turned into a war against Spain for Mexican independence. 1813: Republican Army of the North (led by José Gutiérrez de Lara & Augustus Magee…followers of Father Hidalgo) defeated by Spanish General Arredondo in the Battle of Medina.

1821: Mexico wins independence from Spain. population decline as Tejanos were killed in fighting or fled concentration of remaining Tejanos into 2 settlements: San Antonio & Goliad Virtual desertion of Nacogdoches Ruin of Texas economy with livestock lost and crops ruined Strain between Tejanos and American Indians Increased Indian attacks on TX settlements By 1821, only about 3,000 Tejanos remained in Texas (2/3 of population in 1810) Economy recovered quickly with horse trade between Texas & U.S.