Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Chapter 35

Section 1 The Plant Body has a Hierarchy of Organs, Tissues, and Cells Vegetative growth Nodes, internodes Auxillary bud apical bud, apical dominance Rhizomes Bulbs Stolons Tubers Blade petiole

Fig Reproductive shoot (flower) Apical bud Node Internode Apical bud Shoot system Vegetative shoot Leaf Blade Petiole Axillary bud Stem Taproot Lateral branch roots Root system

Fig. 35-3

Animation: Root Time Lapse Animation: Root Time LapseRoot Time LapseRoot Time Lapse

Fig. 35-4a Prop roots

Fig. 35-4b Storage roots

Fig. 35-4c “Strangling” aerial roots

Fig. 35-4d Pneumatophores

Fig. 35-4e Buttress roots

Fig. 35-5a Rhizomes

Fig. 35-5b Bulb Storage leaves Stem

Fig. 35-5c Stolons Stolon

Fig. 35-5d Tubers

Fig (a) Simple leaf Compound leaf (b) Doubly compound leaf (c) Petiole Axillary bud Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud Leaflet Petiole Axillary bud

Fig. 35-7a Tendrils

Fig. 35-7b Spines

Fig. 35-7c Storage leaves

Fig. 35-7d Reproductive leaves

Fig. 35-7e Bracts

Fig Dermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue

Types of Plant Cells Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma Cells Water-Conducting Cells

Bioflix animation: Tour of a Plant Cell Bioflix animation: Tour of a Plant CellTour of a Plant CellTour of a Plant Cell

Fig a Parenchyma cells in Elodea leaf, with chloroplasts (LM) 60 µm

Fig b Collenchyma cells (in Helianthus stem) (LM) 5 µm

Fig c 5 µm 25 µm Sclereid cells in pear (LM) Fiber cells (cross section from ash tree) (LM) Cell wall

Section 2 Meristems Generate Cells for New Organs Meristems Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium

Fig d1 VesselTracheids 100 µm Tracheids and vessels (colorized SEM)

Fig d2 Perforation plate Vessel element Vessel elements, with perforated end walls Tracheids Pits

Fig e Sieve-tube element (left) and companion cell: cross section (TEM) 3 µm Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view (LM) Sieve plate Companion cells Sieve-tube elements Plasmodesma Sieve plate Nucleus of companion cells Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view Sieve plate with pores (SEM) 10 µm 30 µm

Fig Shoot tip (shoot apical meristem and young leaves) Lateral meristems: Axillary bud meristem Vascular cambium Cork cambium Root apical meristems Primary growth in stems Epidermis Cortex Primary phloem Primary xylem Pith Secondary growth in stems Periderm Cork cambium Cortex Primary phloem Secondary phloem Pith Primary xylem Secondary xylem Vascular cambium

Fig Apical bud This year’s growth (one year old) Bud scale Axillary buds Leaf scar Bud scar Node Internode One-year-old side branch formed from axillary bud near shoot tip Last year’s growth (two years old) Leaf scar Stem Bud scar left by apical bud scales of previous winters Leaf scar Growth of two years ago (three years old)

Section 3 Primary Growth Lengthens Roots and Shoots root cap leaf primordia Mesophyll palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Leaf traces bundle sheaf

Fig Ground Dermal Key to labels Vascular Root hair Epidermis Cortex Vascular cylinder Zone of differentiation Zone of elongation Zone of cell division Apical meristem Root cap 100 µm

Fig a1 Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) (a) 100 µm Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pericycle Xylem Phloem Dermal Ground Vascular Key to labels

Fig a2 Vascular Ground Dermal Key to labels Root with xylem and phloem in the center (typical of eudicots) (a) Endodermis Pericycle Xylem Phloem 50 µm

Fig b Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular cylinder Pericycle Core of parenchyma cells Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Xylem Phloem Root with parenchyma in the center (typical of monocots) (b) 100 µm

Fig Cortex Emerging lateral root Vascular cylinder 100 µm Epidermis Lateral root 3 2 1

Fig Shoot apical meristem Leaf primordia Young leaf Developing vascular strand Axillary bud meristems 0.25 mm

Fig PhloemXylem Sclerenchyma (fiber cells) Ground tissue connecting pith to cortex Pith Cortex 1 mm Epidermis Vascular bundle Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots) (a) Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles (typical of monocots) (b) 1 mm Epidermis Vascular bundles Ground tissue

Fig a Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Cuticle Sclerenchyma fibers Stoma Bundle- sheath cell Xylem Phloem (a) Cutaway drawing of leaf tissues Guard cells Vein Cuticle Lower epidermis Spongy mesophyll Palisade mesophyll Upper epidermis

Fig b Guard cells Stomatal pore Surface view of a spiderwort (Tradescantia) leaf (LM) Epidermal cell (b) 50 µm

Fig c Upper epidermis Palisade mesophyll Key to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Spongy mesophyll Lower epidermis Vein Air spacesGuard cells Cross section of a lilac (Syringa) leaf (LM) (c) 100 µm

Section 4 Secondary Growth Adds Girth to Stems and Roots in Woody Plants vascular rays xylem sap heartwood Sapwood

Fig a3 Epidermis Cortex Primary phloem Vascular cambium Primary xylem Pith Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old stem (a) Periderm (mainly cork cambia and cork) Secondary phloem Secondary xylem Epidermis Cortex Primary phloem Vascular cambium Primary xylem Pith Vascular ray Secondary xylem Secondary phloem First cork cambium Cork Growth Cork Bark Most recent cork cambium Layers of periderm

Fig b Secondary phloem Vascular cambium Secondary xylem Bark Early wood Late wood Cork cambium Cork Periderm 0.5 mm Vascular ray Growth ring Cross section of a three-year- old Tilia (linden) stem (LM) (b) 0.5 mm

Fig Growth ring Vascular ray Secondary xylem Heartwood Sapwood Bark Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Layers of periderm

Fig