IEEE MEDIA INDEPENDENT HANDOVER Title: mrpm-redefined-scenarios-presentation.ppt Date Submitted: July 16, 2008 Presented at IEEE session #27 in Denver Authors or Source(s): Behcet Sarikaya (Huawei), Dennis Edwards (CoCo), Anthony Chan (Huawei), James Han (Motorola), Michael Williams (Nokia), Scott Henderson (RIM) Abstract: Redefined Scenarios Presentation

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MRPCM Problem Statement (1) With advances in devices, networks and usage models, multi- radio operation is becoming the norm for Mobile Nodes (MN). Each MN radio consumes power. The amount of power consumed by a radio depends on the technology and the traffic it carries. Example: iPhone 3G Battery Life Voice (2G) = 600 minutes Voice (3G) = 300 minutes Web Browsing (WiFi)* = 428 minutes Web Browsing (Edge)* = 343 minutes Web Browsing (3G)* = 197 minutes A-GPS = “insignificant affect” *Anandtech \July 11th, 2008Anandtech\

MRPCM Problem Statement (2) This is a power consumption graph of a typical isochrononous traffic flow from WiFi VoIP, Interface power consumptions are not uniform.power consumption Even for the same technology, baseline power consumption is implementation dependent and may be non-zero, cf. Wireless Wakeups Revisited- Energy Management for VoIP over Wi-Fi SmartPhoneWireless Wakeups Revisited- Energy Management for VoIP over Wi-Fi SmartPhone All other things being equal, faster data rates are more energy efficient.

MRPCM Problem Statement (3) Turning off all radios conserves the most power. Putting all radios in the active state maximizes connectivity and minimizes response time. Battery capacity is proportional to temperature and inversely proportional to discharge rate, charge cycle count, age, etc. The more radios that are on, the higher the discharge rate and the smaller the battery capacity. Battery graphs from. from

MRPCM Problem Statement (4) Each radio interface is independently power managed using network specific mechanisms. Power consumption optimizations of individual access technologies allow viable target services with acceptable battery life. Such optimizations are neither global nor cooperative, cf. consumptions-in-baseband-processors.ppt consumptions-in-baseband-processors.ppt Network interface power consumption is only one aspect of system power consumption. Computational energy costs for things like packet encryption also need to be considered Things like increased packet latency from CPU clock scaling are also important, cf. in-different-modes-of-operation.ppt in-different-modes-of-operation.ppt The problem is to allow global policy to guide an optimal selection of operational radio interfaces that satisfies connectivity and latency requirements while minimizing MN energy consumption.

Overview With advances in devices, networks and usage models, multi-radio operation is becoming the norm for Mobile Nodes (MN). IEEE provides an abstract set of Media Independent Handover Services (MIH) designed primarily to support vertical handovers (across heterogeneous networks). These MIH services include handover initiation, network selection and interface activation. Handovers within a single network are most efficiently handled by the network itself, though the MIH protocol may be used to communicate among homogenous network components. The MIH interfaces provide a generalized framework through which disparate networks can be individually addressed and allow specifying higher level handover standards in terms of the MIH framework. MIH policy enforcement is explicitly relegated to a Network Selection Entity (NSE). NSE may reside on MN to support local handover policy, on the network to facilitate centralized handover policy, or cooperative with communication between client and network enabled by MIH. The MIH Information and Event Services inform NSE policy decisions to enable more effective Handover decisions. Policy decisions are affected through the MIH Command Service. Designed for existing and evolving networks. Media specific changes closely follow base MIH Protocol by increasing the breadth of the media specific interface.

What MRPCM Can Do to Help? Extend to… Provide a standard, generalized framework (a set of power saving enablers) for minimizing multi-radio power consumption by querying and setting the operating mode of a wireless network interface. Provide a set of metrics that allows users of the framework to consider network throughput and energy consumption as policy inputs. Provide a mechanism for using MIH IS network PoA location, coverage maps and MN location information to conserve power in out of coverage areas. Such mechanism being also useful to emergency services. Provide a conceptual model for implementing Network Radio Proxies that emulate a radio’s presence on a network while it is turned off. Maintain interoperability with and between IEEE 802 and non-802 networks The framework should allow operators and MN integrators to express network and power management policy in the form of a connection manager that is based on MRPCM enhanced interfaces, cf. mrpm-augmenting-a-feature-for-mih.ppt mrpm-augmenting-a-feature-for-mih.ppt

MRPM Framework: Get/Set Radio Operating Modes Abstract Radio Power Modes provide a mapping between an existing Link_Action request (LINK_POWER_UP, LINK_LOW_POWER, LINK_POWER_DOWN) onto a technology specific operating mode of a radio. List of Actions may need to be extended. Enable power management policy enforcement. Each radio has an array, constructed by the MN manufacturer, containing (non-transmitting) energy consumption values for each ARPM. Need to extend Link SAP to retrieve the profiles and to return, as well as set, the current ARPM values.

MRPM Framework: Energy Consumption Metrics The energy consumed by a the wireless network interface module (vs. TX output power, IERP, etc.) is of primary interest to MRPM. There are many ways to express this battery drain, including bit energy cost (nJ/b) = mW * J/Ws * us/b = W*10-3 * J/Ws * s/b*10-6 = J/b*10-9 = nJ/b These metrics allow NSE to consider network energy consumption as a policy input; all other things being equal, choose the most energy efficient network. The most energy efficient network is also likely to be the fastest one (small bit widths). Extend MIH IS metrics to include network and link power consumption. IE_NET_DATA_POWER_LOAD value is likely to be a fixed optimal value. LINK_PARAM_GEN values are measured quantities that reflect recent network conditions. DATA_POWER_LOADUNSIGNED_INT(2)The type used with the IE_NET_DATA_POWER_LOAD, expressing power consumed, in mW, at the network IE_NET_DATA_RATE Data Power LoadDATA_POWER_LOADA new value, 5, needs to be added to the list LINK_PARAM_GEN options that specifies the power consumed, in mW, at the LINK_PARAM_GEN option 0, Data Rate Energy ConsumptionUNSIGNED_INT(4)A new value, 6, needs to be added to the list LINK_PARAM_GEN options that specifies the energy consumed, in nJ, during the interval used to determine the value of LINK_PARAM_GEN option 3, Throughput

MRPM Framework: Using Location Services Enable the use of coverage models to leverage and expand the IE_POA_LOCATION element. MN must be able to tell its location relative to, and independently of, any network POA Coverage map from MIH IS and MN location combine to avoid scanning in out of coverage areas by facilitating radio scheduling. Triggers Minimize Connectivity Disruption during Link Switching takes same time to do handoff trigger setpoints established to avoid spurious events may be set too far down the gradient. trigger conjunction in context of coverage maps allows more informed reaction (current high trigger && candidate detect)

TR Scenario 6.6: Power Management in out of Coverage Areas A MN will have no network connection when it is first turned on or when it has moved out of the coverage range of all available networks. With no other knowledge, the MN must turn on all radios, to maximize the chance of finding an appropriate network to connect with. In networks other than WiMax, the radios are essentially in an Active RX mode while looking for a network. MRPM could turn on a radio to scan for a network and then turn it off again for some configurable interval if the scan discovered nothing. If a mode can determine its own location then when querying the MIH IS for a list of proximate networks, an MN may specify an NGHB_RADIUS that far exceeds the range of any of its network radio interfaces. In areas of sparse network coverage an NSE may tell from the location and range data returned by the MIH IS that, upon losing connection with the current network, it will not be able to reconnect to another network for some significant time. In this case, the NSE may turn off the radio on receipt of a LINK_DOWN event Should an MN determine that, based on the MIH IS coverage map, it is approaching the coverage area of a new network then it could turn on the appropriate radio. A LINK_DETECTED event will be generated with the network is discovered and a LINK_UP event will be generated when the network is joined. At such time the network coverage map may be refreshed by the MIH IS

MRMP Framework: Proxy Conceptual Model is designed for existing and evolving Networks An MRPM Network Radio Proxy (NRP) is a network entity that MRPM will define, cf. market-need-for-mrpm.ppthttps://mentor.ieee.org/802.21/file/08/ mrpm- market-need-for-mrpm.ppt An NRP must be accessible to an MN via a current network PoA. The NRP makes it appear that a powered down radio on the MN has actually joined the candidate network. An NRP thus maximizes the candidate network availability while minimizing MN battery drain. The emulation of certain functions (e.g., MN location updates) are technology specific operations and may require an NRP Agent (NRPA) to exist on the PoA of such networks An NRP can be seen as an extension the Mobile IP Proxies that are already widely deployed on several networks, An NRPA on the current network PoA will be needed to handle “keep alives” without unnecessarily waking the MN, cf. save-topics.ppt save-topics.ppt

NRP Conceptual Model

NRP Scenarios NRP enables MN location updates to make it appear that a powered down radio on the MN is roaming and updating its location NRP should enable this technology dependent signaling NRP enables idle mode entry to make it appear that a powered down radio is going to the idle mode NRP should enable this technology dependent signaling

Emulation Scenario: Location Update Using Active Interface While a proxy session is active, the MN may move from the coverage area of one PoA to another on the same network. When such a situation is identified, the NSE sends a PROXY_UPDATE to the NRP. The NRP would then change the NRPA that represents the MN on the network. Should mobility cause the MN to switch to a third network then the NSE will send a PROXY_MOVE message to the NRP, notifying it of the network change. Should the MN leave the coverage area of the proxy network then it will send a PROXY_LEAVE message to the NRP.

TR Scenario 6.2: Location Update Using Active Interface While a proxy session is active, the MN may move from the coverage area of one PoA to another on the same network. When such a situation is identified, the NSE sends a PROXY_UPDATE to the NRP. The NRP would then change the NRPA that represents the MN on the network. Should mobility cause the MN to switch to a third network then the NSE will send a PROXY_MOVE message to the NRP, notifying it of the network change. Should the MN leave the coverage area of the proxy network then it will send a PROXY_LEAVE message to the NRP.

TR Scenario 6.3: Idle Mode Signaling for Multiple Interfaces After completing a network operation, the MN may decide that it wants to turn off the radio and replace it with a proxy session. This is accomplished by sending a PROXY_REPLACE message to the NRP. Assuming simultaneously overlapping coverage, all but one active radio may be replaced by a proxy service. Depending on the amount and kind of data passing through the current network to the MN, the active radio interface may be placed in a low power state other than off.

TR Scenario 6.4: Waking a Radio Over the Current Interface In TR Scenario 6.1, traffic destined for a turned off radio is forwarded over the current interface instead. Alternately, the NSE may wake the turned off radio and have it replace the proxy on the candidate network by sending a PROXY_WAKING_UP message to the NRP. Once the radio has replaced the proxy on the candidate network the proxy session ends. The NSE may switch to the new radio or decide to continue dual radio operation.

TR Scenario 6.5: Parameters Configuration of Idle Interface The establishment of a proxy session requires the exchange of configuration information between the MN, the NRP and AAA entity on the candidate proxy network. NSE may apply “spam” filters to incoming traffic destined to a turned off radio, only waking the radio if it is of interest to the MN.

Network Radio Proxy Details NRP Service descriptions will need to be added to the MIH _NET_CAPABILITIES. The MIH NSE communicates with the NRP using the following message types: PROXY_REPLACE, PROXY_JOIN, PROXY_LEAVE, PROXY_UPDATE, PROXY_MOVE, PROXY_FILTER, PROXY_TRAFFIC_PENDING, PROXY_FORWARD and PROXY_WAKING_UP

Considerations for TBD

Considerations for TBD

Considerations for TBD

NCMS Extension Network Control and Management System Service Flow Id /Connection Id Management Services RF Transmission and Synchronization Services AAA Services Network Address Management Services Mobility Management Services Gateway and Router Services Paging Services Idle Mode Services Network Management Services Multimedia Session Management Services Inter-working Services Security Services Media Independent Handover Function Services Radio Resource Management Services Amendments

Considerations for non-802 networks TBD

Thank you.

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Apple iPhone 3G Battery Life Standby = minutes Audio playback = 1440 minutes Video playback = 420 minutes Voice (2G) = 600 minutes Voice (3G) = 300 minutes Web Browsing (WiFi)* = 428 minutes Web Browsing (Edge)* = 343 minutes Web Browsing (3G)* = 197 minutes A-GPS = “insignificant affect” *Anandtech \July 11th, 2008Anandtech\ Battery graphs from. WiFi VoIP power consumption graph.frompower consumption

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