Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

3-2 C HAPTER P REVIEW Nervou s System Neuron s BrainEndocrin e System Damag e,Plasti city, And Repair Genetic s And Behavi or Health And Wellnes s Nervou s System Neuron s BrainEndocrin e System Damag e,Plasti city, And Repair Genetic s And Behavi or Health And Wellnes s

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-3 N EUROSCIENCE Study of the body’s electrochemical communication circuitry

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-4 N ERVOUS S YSTEM Complex Integrated Adaptable (plasticity) Electrochemical transmission

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-5 N ERVOUS S YSTEM : P ATHWAYS afferent  efferent  Which type connects with skin? With muscle? Nerves carry information Body Brain

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-6 N ERVOUS S YSTEM : D IVISIONS N ERVOUS S YSTEMS (NS) Central (CNS) – brain and spinal cord Peripheral (PNS) – Somatic NS sensory nerves motor nerves – Autonomic NS sympathetic NS parasympathetic NS muscular activity internal organs arouses calms

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-7 N ERVOUS S YSTEM - C ELLS Glial Cells – provide support and nutrition Neurons (about 100 billion in brain) – information processing computing & communicating – mirror neurons (in primates) imitation, social perception

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-8 N EURONS : S TRUCTURE Would be nice if highlighting of corresponding portion of graphic were possible, especially for extended entities like axons and dendrites Cell Body Dendrites Axon Myelin Sheath Impulse

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 3-9 N EURAL I MPULSE Negatively + Positively Charged Ions Polarization (Imbalance in Charges) Resting Potential

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EURAL I MPULSE Semipermeable Membrane Ion Channels Depolarizaton (Ion channels open) Threshold Action Potential (Ion exchange sweeps along length of axon ) All-or-None Principle

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education S YNAPSES AND N EUROTRANSMITTERS Synapse Vesicle Neurotransmitters Synaptic Gap Receptor Site Synaptic Transmission Electrical impulse is converted into a chemical signal. Axon vesicle releases neurotransmitter into gap. Dendrite receptor site detects neurotransmitter

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EUROTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron. – Acetylcholine muscle actions, learning, memory black widow venom ↑ Ach levels Botox (botulin) ↓ Ach levels Alzheimer’s disease: ↓ Ach levels – GABA Anxiety: ↓ GABA levels

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EUROTRANSMITTERS Glutamate – excitatory – learning and memory – involved in many psychological disorders Norepinephrine – stress and mania: ↑ norepinephrine levels – depression: ↓ norepinephrine levels – regulates sleep states in conjunction with Ach

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EUROTRANSMITTERS Dopamine – voluntary movement – reward anticipation – stimulant drugs: activate dopamine receptors – parkinson’s disease: ↓ dopamine levels – schizophrenia: ↑ dopamine levels

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EUROTRANSMITTERS Serotonin – regulation of sleep, mood, attention, learning – depression: ↓ serotonin levels – Prozac: ↑ serotonin levels Endorphins – natural opiates – mediate feelings of pleasure and pain

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EUROTRANSMITTERS Oxytocin – both a hormone and a neurotransmitter – related to onset of lactation in new mothers – related to attachment/emotional bonds Note: Drugs can interfere with neurotransmitters. – mimic or enhance NT effects – block effects of NT

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education N EURAL N ETWORKS Interconnected pathways of nerve cells Integrate sensory input and motor output Develops across the years Where a given piece of information is stored: – not in a lone neuron or connection – but spread over multiple connections and neurons

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education S TUDYING THE B RAIN Brain Lesioning – naturally occurring or induced Electrical Recording – electroencephalograph (EEG) – single-unit recording

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education B RAIN I MAGING X-Ray CT Scan PET MRI fMRI

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education H INDBRAIN Parts of the Brain – Brainstem medulla – control breathing, regulate reflexes pons – sleep and arousal – Cerebellum motor coordination

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education M IDBRAIN Substantia Nigra Parkinson’s Disease Reticular Formation Stereotyped Behavior Patterns (like walking)

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education F OREBRAIN Limbic System – memory and emotion amygdala – discrimination of objects needed for survival – emotional awareness and expression hippocampus – Formation and recall of memories Thalamus – relay station for much sensory information

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education F OREBRAIN ( CONT ’ D ) Basal Ganglia – coordination of voluntary movements Hypothalamus – eating, drinking, sexual behaviors – regulate body’s internal state – emotion, stress, reward

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education T HE B RAIN IN D IFFERENT S PECIES What brain structures are similar across species? How is the brain suited to each species?

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education C EREBRAL C ORTEX Neocortex: Outermost Layer Four Lobes: – occipital (vision) – temporal (hearing, language processing, memory) – frontal (intelligence, personality, voluntary muscles) – parietal (spatial location, attention, motor control) Occipital Temporal Frontal Parietal

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education P ROCESSING H UMOR Temporal – Occipital – Parietal Junction(TOPJ) – detecting & resolving conflict

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education S OMATOSENSORY, M OTOR, AND A SSOCIATION C ORTEX Somatosensoy Cortex (in parietal lobe) – body sensations / touch Motor Cortex (in frontal lobe) – voluntary movements – point-to-point mapping Association Cortex (75% of cortex) – not sensory or motor, but associations between

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education S PLIT -B RAIN R ESEARCH large bundle of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain W.J., the Split Brain Patient Corpus Callosum

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education H EMISPHERES OF THE C ORTEX Hemispheric Specialization of Function left hemisphere - verbal processing, speech, grammar Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area right hemisphere - spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education H APPY B RAINS ? Happiness: Prefrontal Lobe Asymmetry – Positive emotional responses More left prefrontal lobe activity – Negative emotional responses More right prefrontal lobe activity Biofeedback Mindfulness (Awareness) Meditation

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education E NDOCRINE S YSTEM Set of glands that regulate the body by secreting hormones into the bloodstream pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testes chemical messages interconnected with the nervous system relatively slow communication system { { {

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education B RAIN D AMAGE AND P LASTICITY Recovery from brain damage depends on – age of the individual – extent of the damage Repairing the damaged brain – collateral sprouting – substitution of function – neurogenesis – brain tissue grafts

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education G ENETICS AND B EHAVIOR Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Human Genome Project Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle Molecular Genetics Selective Breeding Behavior Genetics and Adoption Studies

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education G ENES AND THE E NVIRONMENT : GENETIC EXPRESSION Genotype + Effects of experience  genetic heritage = Phenotype  observable characteristics environment alters how genetic traits develop both physical & psychological

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education B IOLOGICAL F OUNDATIONS AND H EALTH AND W ELLNESS Stressors circumstances and events that threaten individuals and/or tax their coping abilities Stress our response to those stressors Causes/Effects of Acute and Chronic Stress

Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education C HAPTER R EVIEW Describe the parts and functions of the nervous system. Explain what neurons are and how they process information. Identify the brain's levels, structures and functions. State what the endocrine system is and how it affects behavior. Describe the brain's capacity for recovery and repair. Explain how genetics increases our understanding of behavior. Describe the role of the biological foundations of human psychology in the body's stress response.