FINGERPRINTING ANALYSIS

Prehistoric Fingerprinting Ancient Babylonians Ancient China

History of Fingerprinting 1858 – Sir William Herschel An English Chief Magistrate in India

History of Fingerprinting 1880 - Henry Faulds Published an article in “Nature” saying fingerprints could be used for identification Wrote to his cousin, Charles Darwin, asking for help with developing a classification system Darwin forwarded the letter to his cousin, Sir Francis Galton

History of Fingerprints 1880 Henry Faulds 1882 Gilbert Thompson Henry Faulds (1843-1930)

History of Fingerprinting 1883 – Alphonse Bertillon _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Body height Length of middle finger Length of left foot Length of outstretched reach of both arms Width of head Length of head

History of Fingerprinting 1892 – Sir Francis Galton Published textbook ________________________ Outlined a fingerprint identification system Suggested __________________________________ Assigned three pattern types _____________ _______________ ________________ Demonstrated two fundamental principles underlying fingerprint identification system ___________________

History of Fingerprints Uniqueness Galton calculated that there was a possible existence of ___________________different fingerprints No two fingerprints have yet been found that are identical Even identical twins have different fingerprints Permanence

History of Fingerprinting 1891 – Juan Vucetich Developed a ____________________________________ Used in most Spanish-speaking countries Made one of 1st criminal fingerprint identifications 1897 – Sir Edward Richard Henry Developed another searchable filing system Adopted by _____________________________________

History of Fingerprinting In 1903, Will West thought he was fooling the system at Leavenworth Penitentiary by stating that he was not already in the system at the Penitentiary for a previous crime. The clerk decided to look up his Bertillon number anyway. What was found was another man serving a life sentence for murder, already imprisoned in the Penitentiary, named William West This flaw in the system would have never been noticed, had Will West not lied when entering the Penitentiary for a second time in 1903 Will West William West

History of Fingerprinting 1904 – World’s Fair 1924 –

What are Fingerprints? ______________________________________________________________________________________ Also found on palms, toes, and soles of feet Designed for firmer grasp and to prevent slippage

What are Fingerprints? Human skin is composed of layers Epidermis = __________________ Dermis = ____________________ Dermal papillae = _________________________ Determines pattern of ridges on skin’s surface Develop in fetus and enlarge during growth

Dermal papillae separating the two layers of dermis

Ridge Characteristics Minutiae ____________ in a ________________ ___________________________and _____________________ imparts individuality to a fingerprint Used to make a ____________________comparison by expert fingerprint examiners

Three Fundamental Principles of Fingerprinting A fingerprint is an ____________________________ characteristic because no two fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics (______________________) A fingerprint will remain _____________________ during an individual’s lifetime; and 3. Fingerprints have general ___________________that permit them to be systematically classified.

Ridge Characteristics

Ridge Characteristics A fingerprint may contain up to ________________________________________________________________ Crime scene prints usually have only a ___________ number of ridges that are actually recoverable To make a match an examiner has to determine that two prints have the same ridge characteristics in the same location to one another Around ___________________points of similarity are needed to determine a match

Chapter 4 Comparison There are ________________________________________________in the United States on the number of points required for a match. Generally, criminal courts will accept _____________________________________points of similarity. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

2nd Principle: ________________________________________________________________ A positive identification of John Dillinger from his fingerprints, even though he had mutilated them Dillinger tried to remove his fingerprints by using a corrosive acid. He had the outer layer of skin (epidermis) removed by acid and had plastic surgery performed on his face to conceal his identity.

Ridge Patterns Three classes __________________ 60-65% of all fingerprints 30-35% of all fingerprints 5% of all fingerprints

3rd Principle:Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified. All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, arches and whorls (_______________).

Loops One or more ridges enters from one side of the print, re-curves, and exits from the same side Ulnar loop: ______________________________ Radial loop: _____________________________ Right Hand Ulnar Loop Right Hand Radial Loop

Loops All loops must have ________________ surrounded by type lines and a core Core Type lines Delta

Ulnar vs. Radial Loop Make sure you indicate what hand you are fingerprinting

Whorls Ridges are generally circular All whorl patterns have type lines and _______________________________deltas

Whorls 4 distinct groups _____________________ At least 1 ridge makes a complete circuit Imaginary line between deltas touches spiral ridge Imaginary line between deltas does not touch spiral ridge Made of 2 loops combined together Contains 2 or more patterns or doesn’t fit anywhere else

Arches Ridge __________ from ____________side of the print, rises in the center and ____________ on the other side ____________________have Type lines Deltas Cores

Arches 2 Distinct groups ___________________ Ridges rise in the center in a wave-like pattern _____________________ Ridges rise in the center with a sharp spike

Primary Classification Chapter 4 Primary Classification The Henry-FBI Classification System Each finger is given a point value. right left Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

Primary Classification, continued Chapter 4 Primary Classification, continued Assign the number of points for each finger that has a whorl and substitute into the equation: right right left left left index ring thumb middle little + 1 = right right right left left thumb middle little index ring + 1 That number is your primary classification number. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company Kendall/Hunt

FBI System of Classification Modification of the Henry system Pair up fingers R. Index R. Ring L. Thumb L. Middle L. Little R. Thumb R. Middle R. Little L. Index L. Ring Based on presence or absence or whorl pattern 1st pair: 16 points 2nd pair: 8 points 3rd pair: 4 points 4th pair: 2 points 5th pair: 1 point

FBI System of Classification Total the values Add 1 to the numerator and denominator Fraction is what you use to classify the prints Provides examiner with list of candidates in system to look at more closely Can help narrow down suspect list Final identification of an individual is based on comparison of minutia by examiner Only useful when a full set of prints are available

Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) Prints are scanned and encoded by computers ____________________________position and orientation of minutia for each print Produces a list of file prints with the closest correlation to a question print for the examiner to compare __________________________________known suspects in each case

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 3 kinds of crime scene prints __________________________

Latent Prints Each skin ridge contains a single row of pores – openings for ducts of sweat glands Tops of fingerprint ridges get covered with _____________________ When a finger touches an item, sweat and oil are deposited onto the surface This leaves an _____________________ of the finger’s ridge pattern (fingerprint) _____________________ to the eye

Visible and Plastic Prints Visible prints Made by _____________________ _________________________________________ touching a surface Plastic prints Made when a finger by_____________________ ___________________________________________________________________

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Method used depends on surface type print is located on Hard nonabsorbent surfaces Examples:_____________________________ _____________or _________________treatment Soft and porous surfaces Examples: ________________________ Chemical treatment _____________________ Super Glue treatment

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Powders ______________________________________________________________________________ Applied with camel hair or fiberglass brush Select color powder with best contrast Magnetic Sensitive Powders No bristles means less chance of destroying print Useful on leather and rough plastics ______________________ Powders Fluoresce under UV light Useful on confusing or multi-colored backgrounds

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Iodine Fuming _______________________________________ Sublimation = physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with iodine vapors Iodine vapors react with _____________________in print to form a ________________deposit ________________________ Photograph developed print Fix developed print with 1% starch solution

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Ninhydrin Ninhydrin powder is mixed with acetone or ethanol to form a spray Reacts with _____________________ present in perspiration to form a purple deposit known as ____________________________________ Prints can develop within 1-2 hours but can take up to 10 days Development of prints is ________________________________ Very sensitive Used to get prints off paper as old as 15 years b

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Physical Developer Silver-nitrate based liquid reagent ________________________________________________________________________________________ Reacts with sodium chloride in fingerprint residue to produces a dark grey deposit Destroys _________________________________________________________________________________

Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Super Glue Fuming Heating superglue forms _________________________________fumes Suspect material is placed in an enclosed chamber filled with cyanoacrylate fumes Fumes ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Developed prints may be dusted with powders

Methods of Detection Review Powders Iodine Ninhydrine Physical Developer Super Glue What Reacts With Perspiration and oil Fats Amino Acids Sodium Chloride Surface Nonporous Porous Porous and Nonporous Notes Not permanent Very sensitive Use Last OR Use if item was wet

Preservation of Developed Prints Prints must be permanently preserved for: future comparison possible use in court as evidence Steps to preservation Photograph prints Small objects: cover with cellophane Large objects: lift prints with tape and secure to cardboard backing