Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World Chapter 28 Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Popular Sovereignty Popular sovereignty: relocating sovereignty in the people Traditionally monarchs claimed a "divine right" to rule The Enlightenment challenged this right, made the monarch responsible to the people John Locke's theory of contractual government: authority comes from the consent of the governed Individuals retain personal rights, give political rights to rulers ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Individual Freedoms Demands for freedom of worship and freedom of expression and political and legal equality Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Argues for equality of all individuals, regardless of class, before the law Equality not extended to women, peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color Ideals of Enlightenment were significant global influence ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Increased Taxation in 1760s Bills come due from the Seven Years’ War Tax burden falls to the colonies Sugar Act (1764) Stamp Act (1765) Quartering Act (1765) (housing of British troops) Tea Act (1773) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Tension between Britain and NA colonies Legacy of Seven Years' War: British debt, North American tax burden Mounting colonial protest over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule Colonial boycott of British goods and attacks on British officials; Boston Tea Party, 1773 Political protest over representation in Parliament: Continental Congress, 1774 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Declaration of Independence Continental Congress formed (1774), coordinates colonists’ resistance to British policies July 4, 1776, adopts Declaration of Independence Influence of Locke: retention of individual rights, sovereignty based on consent of the ruled ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Revolutionary War Colonies: Logistic advantage Popular support Support of British rivals George Washington (1732-1799) provides imaginative military leadership Britain: Strong central government Navy, army Loyalist population ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The American Revolution ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Building an Independent State Constitution guaranteed freedom of press, of speech, and of religion American republic based on principles of freedom, equality, popular sovereignty Full legal and political rights were granted only to men of property ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The French Revolution Financial Crisis: half of government revenue went to national debt King Louis XVI forced to summon Estates General to raise new taxes Many representatives wanted sweeping political and social reform First and Second Estates (nobles, clergy) tried to limit Third Estate (commoners) ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Estates General Three Estates First estate: Roman Catholic clergy 100,000 Second estate: nobles 400,000 Third estate: everyone else 24,000,000 serfs, free peasants, urban residents Estates General founded 1303, had not met since 1614 One vote per estate ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 1789 The National Assembly formed by representative of Third Estate, 17 June 1789 Demanded a written constitution and popular sovereignty Angry mob seized the Bastille on 14 July, sparked insurrections in many cities National Assembly wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen August 1789 American influence Women not included: Olympe de Gouges (Marie Gouze) unsuccessfully attempts to redress this in 1791 Sovereignty resides in the people Individual rights Equality of men ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Radicalization of Revolution “Liberty, equality, fraternity” National Assembly abolishes old social order Seizes church lands, redefines clergy as civilians New constitution retains king, but subject to legislative authority Convention: elected by universal male suffrage Levée en masse: conscription for war 1793: King Louis and Queen Marie Antoinette found guilty of treason and sent to guillotine ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) “The Incorruptible,” leader of Committee of Public Safety Churches closed, priests forced to marry Promoted “cult of reason” as secular alternative to Christianity Calendar reorganized: Ten-day weeks, proclaimed Year I Executed 40,000; imprisoned 300,000 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Brilliant military leader; became a general in the royal army at age twenty-four Supported the revolution; defended the Directory Overthrew the Directory and named himself consul for life ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Napoleonic France Napoleonic France brought stability after years of chaos Made peace with the Roman Catholic church and pope Extended freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Napoleon’s Empire Napoleon's empire: 1804, proclaimed himself emperor Dominated the European continent: Iberia, Italy, Netherlands Defeated Austria and Prussia; fought British on high seas Disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 destroyed Grand Army The fall of Napoleon Forced by coalition of enemies to abdicate in 1814, exiled on Elba Escaped, returned to France, raised army, but was defeated by British in 1815 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Napoleon’s Empire in 1812 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Revolution in Haiti Rich Caribbean colony: Sugar, coffee, cotton Society dominated by small white planter class 90 percent of population were slaves working under brutal conditions Large communities of escaped slaves, or maroons Free blacks fought in American war, brought back revolutionary ideas Widespread discontent: white settlers sought self-governance, slaves wanted freedom ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

François-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803) Son of slaves, literate, skilled organizer, built a strong and disciplined army Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797, created a constitution in 1801 Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803 The Republic of Haiti Yellow fever ravaged French troops; defeated and driven out by slave armies Declared independence in 1803; established the Republic of Haiti in 1804 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Latin American Society Latin American society rigidly hierarchical Social classes: peninsulares, creoles, slaves, and indigenous peoples Creoles sought to displace the peninsulares but retain their privileged position 30,000 peninsulares, 3.5 million criollos ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Mexican Independence Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues 1822 Mexico is a republic ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) led independence movement in South America Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish rule in 1811 Creole forces overcame Spanish armies throughout South America, 1824 Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s Creole dominance in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Principal beneficiaries were creole elites ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Latin America in 1830 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The End of the Slave Trade Movements to end slave trade: began in 1700s, gained momentum during revolutions In 1807 British Parliament outlawed slave trade Other states followed suit, though illegal slave trade continued from some time Movements to abolish slavery: more difficult because of property rights In Haiti and much of South America, end of slavery came with independence In Europe and North America, campaign against slave trade became campaign to abolish slavery ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Enlightenment Ideals and Women Enlightenment thinkers remained conservative regarding women’s rights Rousseau argues women should receive education to prepare for lives as wives and mothers Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that women essentially born into slavery Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797) women possessed same natural rights as men ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Women and Revolution Women active in all phases of French revolution Women storm Versailles in 1789, demands for food Yet hold few official positions of authority Yet women not allowed to vote, major task of nineteenth century ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) Conservative leaders determined to restore old order after defeat of Napoleon Succeeded in maintaining balance of power in Europe for a century Failed in repressing nationalist and revolutionary ideas ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nationalist Rebellions Nationalist rebellions against old order throughout nineteenth century Greek rebels overcame Ottoman rule in 1827 1830 and 1848, rebellions in France, Spain, Portugal, and German states Conservative government usually restored afterward but ideals persisted ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Unifications of Italy and Germany Cavour and Garibaldi united Italy by 1870 Cavour led nationalists and expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy, 1859 Garibaldi controlled southern Italy, 1860 Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) created a united Germany In Germany, nationalist rebellion was repressed in 1848 Bismarck provoked three wars that swelled German pride 1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the Second Reich ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Unifications of Italy and Germany Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) advances Realpolitik (“the politics of reality”), uses wars with neighbors to unify Germany Second Reich proclaimed in 1871 (Holy Roman Empire the first), King Wilhelm I named emperor ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Unification of Italy and Germany ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.