AWQ4MIMrs. Kalinowski

Ancient Beginnings…  “ Photography ” is Greek (‘phosgraphein’)  Phos/Photo = ‘ light ’  Graphein/Graphy = ‘ writing ’  5 th century BCE  Chinese Philosopher, Mo Ti  Observes illuminated image passing through a small hole  330 BCE  Greek Philosopher, Aristotle  Observes an image of the sun reflected on the ground during an eclipse Light from a solar eclipse passing through small gaps in tree branches that act as ‘lenses’ ***The earliest “photograph” Writing with Light

Solar Eclipse: The moon covers the sun Streams of light pass through small ‘gaps’ in trees The light reflects the sun’s image on the ground Multiple crescents reflected on pavement Writing with Light

Camera Obscura  14 th -16 th centuries  Renaissance Era  science, experimentation, observation out ruled ‘belief’ and ‘magic’  Desire to document & represent the world in a rational, logical way 1490: Da Vinci writes about camera obscura ‘Pinhole Camera’

 “Camera” = room (in Spanish)  “Obscura” = dark Camera Obscura ‘Pinhole Camera’ Light passes through a small hole and reflects an inverted image ‘Photos’ resembled drawings in linear perspective

Heliograph  Pewter plate coated with bitumen of Judae (black, toxic residue)  Plate placed in camera obscura with pinhole directed at city scene  Extended exposure /proces sing time (8 hours!) Joseph Nicéphore Niépce [ ] View from His Window at Le Gras, 1826 ‘nee-epps’

Daguerreotype  Highly polished silver plates placed in camera obscura  Exposed to light/scene for 20min.  Treated with heated mercury vapor, then table salt Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre [ ] Still Life in the Artist’s Studio, 1837

Daguerreotype Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre [ ]

Calotype  Sheet covered in salt and iodine exposed to an image/light  Brushed with gallic acid in a dark room  ‘ negative ’ image formed  ‘negative’ printed onto salted paper for a ‘reverse’, positive print ( reproducible ) William Henry Fox Talbot [ ] Courtyard Scene, 1844

Collodion/Wet-Plate Process  Similar process to Calotype, but with glass  glass coated with iodized collodion  Glass exposed while wet  Created finely- detailed negatives in seconds  Reproducible as positive images at a faster rate than paper Frederick Scott Archer [ ] Sparrow’s House, Ipswich, Suffock, 1857

Collodion/Wet-Plate Process Frederick Scott Archer [ ]

Carte-de-Visite  Spin-off of collodion process  Multi-lens camera (called ‘ tubes ’) made multiple exposures on glass wet plate  Exposures were cut apart for single photos/shots Andre Disdéri [ ] Napoleon III was on a military campaign against Austria and stopped to have Disdéri make a ‘visiting card’ of him in Paris * Disdéri became instantly famous, the riches photographer in the world! Napoleon III, May 1859