Emergence of New Empires Unit 7 Emergence of New Empires

Chapter 21 The Byzantine Empire

Key Facts The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern half of the Roman Empire. This Empire lasted 1100 years after the fall of Rome. Constantinople was responsible for making the Empire strong. The Christian religion split and the Eastern Orthodox church was formed. The Byzantine Empire eventually fell to the Muslims.

What to Know 1. The capital of the Byzantine empire was Constantinople, the site of the old Greek city of Byzantium..  2. Constantinople’s political, social, and architectural lives’ were patterned after those of Rome.  3.      Constantinople built many shrines and churches dedicated to the Christian faith.  4.      In 527 CE, Justinian became the emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 5.      Justinian’s greatest achievement was the creation of a code of laws called Justinian’s Code. 6. This code gave greater rights to women and became the basis of Western law to this day.  7. Justinian’s greatest architectural achievement was the Hagia Sophia, which still stands today.

8. In 1054, a split in the Roman Catholic Church occurred 8. In 1054, a split in the Roman Catholic Church occurred. This split was caused by… The Western churches (Roman Catholic) use of icons. The Patriarch’s (head of Byzantine church) refusal to recognize the Pope as the head of the church. The Byzantine’s use of the Greek language in their church services. The Pope crowning Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor.

Roman Catholic Leader Language Icons Eastern Orthodox Leader Pope Ruler/Patriarch Language Latin Greek Icons Yes No

The Byzantines began to lose power in the 1100s, however, the capital city remained strong due to its location. 10. The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 to the Turkish Muslims. 11. The Byzantine accomplishments included… a)      rich, beautiful cities b)      a well developed education system c)      spreading of Christianity eastward d) spread of trade, inventions, and fine arts

Chapter 22 The Spread of Islam

Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Key Facts Followers of Islam are called Muslims. The faith started with the prophet Muhammad. The teachings of Islam are found in the Koran, the Five Pillars, the Sunna and the Sharia. The religion began on the Arabian Peninsula. The holy cities are Mecca and Medina. The Muslims spread their religion through conquest. The Muslims were well skilled in mathematics, medicine, and the arts.

What to Know Mecca (Makkah) had a holy shrine to which Arab pilgrims came to worship. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE. In 613 CE, Muhammad began to preach that the only god is Allah. In 622 CE, Muhammad was exiled to Medina (Yathrib) where he organized the city’s government and army. This journey to Medina was known as the Hegira (Hijrah). The year of the Hegira, a major turning point in the development of Islam, became the first year of the Muslim calendar. At Medina, Muhammad gained more followers until he was ready to return in strength to Mecca.

8. The people of Mecca accepted Islam when Muhammad entered Mecca at the head of a powerful army. 9. For the next two years Muhammad unified the Arabs of the peninsula as their religious and political leader. He was ready to march north to spread the religion in a jihad (holy war) when he died in 632.

Islam as a Religion The basic scripture for Islam is the Koran. The Koran is not only a religious text, but a prescription for a way of life. The Koran sets ethical standards that stress honesty, generosity, and justice. Harsh penalties for crimes such as robbery and murder are based on ancient "eye for an eye" vengeance concepts. The Muslim Sabbath is Friday when prayers should be said in a mosque.

The basic requirements of a devout Muslim are the Five Pillars of Islam. The first pillar is the acceptance of Allah as the one God and that Muhammad is his messenger. (Muslims accept Abraham, Moses, and Jesus as prophets) The second pillar is to bow in ritual prayer five times a day while facing Mecca, preferably in a mosque. The third pillar is to help the poor. The fourth pillar is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan as a sign of faith. The last pillar is to make a Haj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime, if possible.

Chapter 23: The Eastern Slavs

Key Facts Early Russian states developed around Kiev. The early people of Russia accepted the Eastern Orthodox faith. They used the Russian language in the church services, so their form of Christianity was called Russian Orthodox. Most of early Russian culture was adopted from the Byzantines.

Chapter Summary The first group of people to settle in Russia were the Slavs sometime between 500-800CE. They settled along the forested land west of the Volga River. 3. BY the end of the 800s, Kievan Rus had established a trade route that ran from the Baltic Sea to the Caspian Sea.  4. In 882 CE, the Viking Oleg established a Russian capital at Kiev.  Kiev was brought to great heights under the leadership of Rurik. By 988, Byzantine culture heavily influenced Russia. Eastern Orthodox became the official religion and the Russian language was based on the Cyrillic Alphabet.

IN the early 1000s, Kievan ruler Yaroslav the Wise supported learning, encouraged artisans, and organized laws. 8. Around 1240, Kiev was invaded and conquered by the Mongols. Most Russian people fled north to an area called Muscovy (Moscow).  9. Moscow gradually became the center for economic and religious life.  10. In the late 1400s, Ivan the Great ended Mongol control of Russia, and took the title of Czar. 11. By 1552, a ruler named Ivan the Terrible rid Russia of Mongol presence and united the kingdoms of Kiev, Moscow, and Novgorod.