+ THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING & DEBATE Presentation by Darshali Vyas and Lauren Johnson Presented by Loren Naldoza

+ Good Public Speaking Skills Posture Hand and Arm Gestures Eye contact Standing Vocal style (volume, clarity, intonation, and pronunciation) Language Use of notes but not reading a lot Humor No personal attacks

+ Posture: Arms and Hands DO use your hands to point, explain, or emphasize Do NOT swing your arms by your side Do NOT fidget with objects in your hands Do NOT forget to use your hands from time to time DODON’T

+ Posture: Head MAINTAIN EYE CONTACT DO NOT READ TO YOUR AUDIENCE

+ Posture: Standing Stand up STRAIGHT Do NOT lean against anything Do NOT pace up and down if you have a podium or presentation

+ Concept Questions! 1. Give one example of something you should do with your hands while speaking. 2. Give one example of something you should NOT do with your hands while speaking.

+ Vocalization Speak to the farthest person in the room – if your audience can’t hear you, they will not agree with you. Enunciate (pronounce each word clearly) Speak slowly Pause for emphasis

+ Language Use Appropriate Language Appropriate for the Speaker Does the language you are using fit your speaking pattern? Do NOT use complicated words that you do not know the meaning of Do NOT use words that you cannot pronounce. Appropriate for the Audience Try to use words your audience will understand Appropriate for the Context The language you use to talk to your friends is different than the language you use to speak to a teacher. Similarly, the language you will use in Global Classrooms is more formal than the language that you use in conversation.

+ Language Use Vivid Language Vivid language created strong, distinct, clear, and memorable mental images. Let your words show, not tell. For instance, if you want to convince countries to get involved in the Ebola epidemic, which is more convincing? Tell: Ebola is a very tragic and serious disease. Show: Ebola has infected over 6,000 people and killed nearly 3,000. The CDC predicts 1.5million new cases by January Repetition Helps audiences become familiar with your main points as they hear it over and over again Use Inclusive Language Do not alienate (distance yourself ) from your audience Inclusive language avoids making one group seem more important than another while speaking

+ Concept Questions! 3. True or False: When speaking publically, you should speak loudly enough that the person in the back of the room can hear you. 4. True or False: When speaking to your audience you should use long, complex words. 5. You are trying to convince someone to support your favourite soccer team. Write one sentence using vivid language to convince him or her.

+ Connecting with your audience Constant eye contact Facial expressions If you use humor, pause for laughter Try to gauge the audience’s response

+ Example of a Public Speaker #1 Write down 2 things that you think about this speaker’s skills.

+ Example of a Public Speaker #2 Write down 2 things that you think about this speaker’s skills.

“Great leaders are almost always great simplifiers, who can cut through argument, debate and doubt, to offer a solution everybody can understand.” – Colin Powell A debate is a contest where two teams present their arguments intent on persuading one another. What is a debate?

+ Debates develop skills such as: Abstract and analytical thinking Professionalism and etiquette Clarity Point of view Distinguishing fact from opinion (identifying bias) Language usage Organization Persuasion Public speaking Research Teamwork/cooperation

Basic terms Debate - a game in which two opposing teams make speeches to support their arguments and disagree with those of the other team. Motion - the opinion about which two teams argue. Affirmative team - agrees with the resolution. Negative team - disagrees with the resolution. Rebuttal - explains why one team disagrees with the other team. Judges - decide the winner.

+ Motions A Motion, also known topic of the debate, is a full propositional statement that determines what a debate shall be about Example: Education should be free for all.

Procedure o Affirmative team must defend and give constructive arguments to the motion. o Negative team (opposition) must oppose or give counter- case arguments to the motion.

Concept Questions! 6. What is a debate? 7. True or False: The affirmative opposes the topic. The negative team supports the topic.

+ Procedure A debate is held between two teams Affirmative Vs Negative Speech Order : 1) Affirmative Opening Statement 2) Negative Opening Statement 3) Affirmative Rebuttal 4) Negative Rebuttal 5) Affirmative Closing Statement 6) Affirmative reply

+ Rebuttal A good rebuttal should: 1) Show that the opposing argument is illogical 2) Show that the opposing argument is based on an error of fact or a misinterpretation of fact/ evidence 3) Show that the opposing argument does not have strong and enough data, fact, or evidence 4) Show that the opposing argument is irrelevant to the proof of the topic/ motion 5) Show that the opposing argument involves unacceptable implication and application

Getting ready “Use soft words and hard arguments.” – English proverb  Having an opinion isn't enough to be effective in a debate. You need to be able to have strong supporting materials for your side of the debate.  Make sure you include relevant facts that many others would not have already known. The more related relevant facts you include the stronger your presentation becomes.  Train yourself to fully respect the other debater. Even if you are completely convinced you are right, you must give the other person time to speak their mind as well.  Prepare to have a rebuttal to the arguments that the other person will make. Many times you can know what they will say ahead of time and prepare yourself with facts that contradict their argument.

+ Characteristics of Strong Arguments 1) Relevance 2) Organization 3) Consistency and internal logic-i.e. don’t contradict yourself or you teammates. 4) Clarity (remember, debating is about persuading your audience and adjudicator that you’re right – so make sure they can understand what you’re saying) 5) Effective use of evidence

+ Concept Questions! 8. What are 2 elements of a strong argument?

Useful language How to Agree  You know, that’s exactly what I think.  I agree entirely.  True enough.  Oh, definitely.  That’s a good point.  I couldn’t agree more.  Yes, that’s quite true, but …  That’s just what I was thinking How to Disagree  That’s not the way I see it.  There may be something in what you say but…  I’ve got some reasons to disagree.  I’m not at all convinced…  To be honest, I don’t think that’s true.  I know what you are saying, but…  That may be true, but …  I can’t agree with you there, I still think …  That’s one way of looking at it. But …  I can’t say that I share your view.  I see things rather differently. How to Ask for More Information  Can you explain that?  What do you mean exactly?  Could you give me an example?  Could you be more specific?  Would you mind saying a little bit more about that?  Do you really think that …  Could you explain what you mean by … How to Persuade Someone  You must admit that …  Do you really believe that …  Don’t you agree that …  What you don’t seem to understand is that …  (Oh,) come on, …  I’II tell you what …  I was wondering if you’d ever thought of…  Don’t you think…

Evaluation criteria  Respect for other team  Information  Rebuttal  Use of facts/statistics  Organization  Understanding of topic  Presentation style  Language

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